I've got the same issue and have had for sometime on various earlier versions (after build 1911). Today a user reported that as of yesterday, her Outlook adaptive cards stopped working in the Outlook client as well, and she is on 2108.
I would be interested to know what the resolution is. I dont have access to be able to install the debugger.
The email has a line "Expecting an actionable email? Learn more" and a link to this page, but that seems to indicate this known issue fixed in Outlook Desktop builds 1911(16.0.12228) and higher (although not for me)
Any suggestions on further troubleshooting or resolution would be greatly appreciated.