Hi BDesco,
Welcome to post in Microsoft Community. I'm Mosken, let me help you figure it out.
According to your description, I knew that your SSD has a fatal error while connecting to the computer through the hard drive enclosure. Is that right?
First have you tried connecting the SSD to the original computer again after this error (installed on the drive, not via USB) and see if you can boot again. Because according to the error message, it cannot be ruled out that the hardware problem is the hard disk itself.
Then have you tried using a different port when connecting with the enclosure, or connecting to a different computer.
Then please confirm in Device Manager that the SSD is correctly recognized as a disk drive and that there is no yellow exclamation mark on the device's icon (because this means the device is not correctly recognized or there is a problem with the driver).
Then try the command below to view the status information of the disk. Please run Power Shell as an administrator ("Win" logo key + "Q", enter "Power Shell ", select "Run as administrator"), and enter the following command.
Get-PhysicalDisk
The above steps are provided based on the information I have learned so far, I wish that will be helpful to you. If your problem still cannot be solved by these steps, you could tell me the specific situation in the next reply. I will continue to assist you in solving the problem.
Best Regards, Mosken- MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist