data(package="ggplot2")

上面這個指令會得出以下結果：

Data sets in package ¡¥ggplot2¡¦:

diamonds                                      Prices of 50,000 round cut diamonds
economics                                     US economic time series.
midwest                                       Midwest demographics.
movies                                        Movie information and user ratings from IMDB.com.
mpg                                           Fuel economy data from 1999 and 2008 for 38 popular models of car
msleep                                        An updated and expanded version of the mammals sleep dataset.
presidential                                  Terms of 10 presidents from Eisenhower to Bush W.
seals                                         Vector field of seal movements.

也就是ggplot2這個package內建了以上8個datasets。

如果不加參數，直接下：

data()

則會列出以下這些R內建的datasets:

AirPassengers                                 Monthly Airline Passenger Numbers 1949-1960
BJsales                                       Sales Data with Leading Indicator
BJsales.lead (BJsales)                        Sales Data with Leading Indicator
BOD                                           Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CO2                                           Carbon Dioxide Uptake in Grass Plants
ChickWeight                                   Weight versus age of chicks on different diets
DNase                                         Elisa assay of DNase
EuStockMarkets                                Daily Closing Prices of Major European Stock Indices, 1991-1998
Formaldehyde                                  Determination of Formaldehyde
HairEyeColor                                  Hair and Eye Color of Statistics Students
Harman23.cor                                  Harman Example 2.3
Harman74.cor                                  Harman Example 7.4
Indometh                                      Pharmacokinetics of Indomethacin
InsectSprays                                  Effectiveness of Insect Sprays
JohnsonJohnson                                Quarterly Earnings per Johnson & Johnson Share
LakeHuron                                     Level of Lake Huron 1875-1972
LifeCycleSavings                              Intercountry Life-Cycle Savings Data
Loblolly                                      Growth of Loblolly pine trees
Nile                                          Flow of the River Nile
Orange                                        Growth of Orange Trees
OrchardSprays                                 Potency of Orchard Sprays
PlantGrowth                                   Results from an Experiment on Plant Growth
Puromycin                                     Reaction Velocity of an Enzymatic Reaction
Seatbelts                                     Road Casualties in Great Britain 1969-84
Theoph                                        Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline
Titanic                                       Survival of passengers on the Titanic
ToothGrowth                                   The Effect of Vitamin C on Tooth Growth in Guinea Pigs
UCBAdmissions                                 Student Admissions at UC Berkeley
UKDriverDeaths                                Road Casualties in Great Britain 1969-84
UKgas                                         UK Quarterly Gas Consumption
USAccDeaths                                   Accidental Deaths in the US 1973-1978
USArrests                                     Violent Crime Rates by US State
USJudgeRatings                                Lawyers' Ratings of State Judges in the US Superior Court
USPersonalExpenditure                         Personal Expenditure Data
VADeaths                                      Death Rates in Virginia (1940)
WWWusage                                      Internet Usage per Minute
WorldPhones                                   The World's Telephones
ability.cov                                   Ability and Intelligence Tests
airmiles                                      Passenger Miles on Commercial US Airlines, 1937-1960
airquality                                    New York Air Quality Measurements
anscombe                                      Anscombe's Quartet of 'Identical' Simple Linear Regressions
attenu                                        The Joyner-Boore Attenuation Data
attitude                                      The Chatterjee-Price Attitude Data
austres                                       Quarterly Time Series of the Number of Australian Residents
beaver1 (beavers)                             Body Temperature Series of Two Beavers
beaver2 (beavers)                             Body Temperature Series of Two Beavers
cars                                          Speed and Stopping Distances of Cars
chickwts                                      Chicken Weights by Feed Type
co2                                           Mauna Loa Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
crimtab                                       Student's 3000 Criminals Data
discoveries                                   Yearly Numbers of Important Discoveries
esoph                                         Smoking, Alcohol and (O)esophageal Cancer
euro                                          Conversion Rates of Euro Currencies
euro.cross (euro)                             Conversion Rates of Euro Currencies
eurodist                                      Distances Between European Cities
faithful                                      Old Faithful Geyser Data
fdeaths (UKLungDeaths)                        Monthly Deaths from Lung Diseases in the UK
freeny                                        Freeny's Revenue Data
freeny.x (freeny)                             Freeny's Revenue Data
freeny.y (freeny)                             Freeny's Revenue Data
infert                                        Infertility after Spontaneous and Induced Abortion
iris                                          Edgar Anderson's Iris Data
iris3                                         Edgar Anderson's Iris Data
islands                                       Areas of the World's Major Landmasses
ldeaths (UKLungDeaths)                        Monthly Deaths from Lung Diseases in the UK
lh                                            Luteinizing Hormone in Blood Samples
longley                                       Longley's Economic Regression Data
lynx                                          Annual Canadian Lynx trappings 1821-1934
mdeaths (UKLungDeaths)                        Monthly Deaths from Lung Diseases in the UK
morley                                        Michelson Speed of Light Data
mtcars                                        Motor Trend Car Road Tests
nhtemp                                        Average Yearly Temperatures in New Haven
nottem                                        Average Monthly Temperatures at Nottingham, 1920-1939
npk                                           Classical N, P, K Factorial Experiment
occupationalStatus                            Occupational Status of Fathers and their Sons
precip                                        Annual Precipitation in US Cities
presidents                                    Quarterly Approval Ratings of US Presidents
pressure                                      Vapor Pressure of Mercury as a Function of Temperature
quakes                                        Locations of Earthquakes off Fiji
randu                                         Random Numbers from Congruential Generator RANDU
rivers                                        Lengths of Major North American Rivers
rock                                          Measurements on Petroleum Rock Samples
sleep                                         Student's Sleep Data
stack.loss (stackloss)                        Brownlee's Stack Loss Plant Data
stack.x (stackloss)                           Brownlee's Stack Loss Plant Data
stackloss                                     Brownlee's Stack Loss Plant Data
state.abb (state)                             US State Facts and Figures
state.area (state)                            US State Facts and Figures
state.center (state)                          US State Facts and Figures
state.division (state)                        US State Facts and Figures
state.name (state)                            US State Facts and Figures
state.region (state)                          US State Facts and Figures
state.x77 (state)                             US State Facts and Figures
sunspot.month                                 Monthly Sunspot Data, from 1749 to "Present"
sunspot.year                                  Yearly Sunspot Data, 1700-1988
sunspots                                      Monthly Sunspot Numbers, 1749-1983
swiss                                         Swiss Fertility and Socioeconomic Indicators (1888) Data
treering                                      Yearly Treering Data, -6000-1979
trees                                         Girth, Height and Volume for Black Cherry Trees
uspop                                         Populations Recorded by the US Census
volcano                                       Topographic Information on Auckland's Maunga Whau Volcano
warpbreaks                                    The Number of Breaks in Yarn during Weaving
women                                         Average Heights and Weights for American Women

要想要使用這些dataset，只要下指令如：

data(AirPassengers)

AirPassengers這個dataset就會載入Global Environment，然後就能開始使用其中的數值，例如：

plot(AirPassengers)

上圖就是1949~1960每個月搭飛機的人數

可以從下面例題練習如何用R來操作卡方獨立性檢定，Sample Data為罹患肺癌與否/患者每日吸菸數量的統計資料。
在R中輸入一個matrix:

cancer<-matrix(data=c(33,250,196,136,32,55,293,190,71,13),nrow=2,ncol=5,byrow=T)

上面這行就是把c(...)這個Vector當作cancer這個matrix的資料，然後指定cancer這個matrix是2列x5行的矩陣，data的順序是by-row，也就是從row1開始填資料，row1填完再填row2。
輸入完後，檢查一下資料：
> cancer 

     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]   33  250  196  136   32
[2,]   55  293  190   71   13

接下來幫行跟列命名： 

dimnames(cancer)<-list(c("肺癌患者","控制組"),c("1 to 4","5 to 14","15 to 24","25 to 49","50+"))

然後看一下長條圖長怎樣：

barplot(cancer, beside=T, legend.text=T, xlab="每日吸菸量(幾根)", ylab="Number of cases")

(每個function的argument是做甚麼用的，我就不詳述，在RStudio裡面查Help都很清楚)

接下來做皮爾森卡方檢定：

chisq.test(cancer)

結果是：

	Pearson's Chi-squared test

data:  cancer
X-squared = 36.9531, df = 4, p-value = 1.842e-07

也就是X^2值為36.9531，自由度為4，p-value為0.0000001842。

假設這題我們要求的是在95%信心水準下，罹患肺癌者與未罹患肺癌者兩個類別的數值(案例)是否獨立。則因為p-value小於0.05，所以拒絕虛無假設 => 每天吸多少菸與罹癌與否有關。

若要用比較X^2值大小的方法(X^2的意義是「樣本的觀察次數」與「估計的理論次數」的差異)，則α=0.05、df=4下查表值為9.487728，36.9531>9.487728，所以也是拒絕虛無假設。

如果要知道更多檢定的結果，可以再繼續下以下指令：

cancer.chisq = chisq.test(cancer)
names(cancer.chisq)
cancer.chisq$residuals
cancer.chisq$observed
cancer.chisq$expected
cancer.chisq$stdres

這幾行就BJ4了，試試看就知道了~

RA的說法重點整理：
 
(沒有提到ParallelR，看來以後應該是不會再繼續開發)

MS的說法重點整理：