TaskScheduler Class
Definition
Important
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Represents an object that handles the low-level work of queuing tasks onto threads.
public ref class TaskScheduler abstractpublic abstract class TaskSchedulertype TaskScheduler = classPublic MustInherit Class TaskScheduler- Inheritance
-
TaskScheduler
Examples
The following example creates a custom task scheduler that limits the number of threads used by the app. It then launches two sets of tasks and displays information about the task and the thread on which the task is executing.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
class Example
{
static void Main()
{
// Create a scheduler that uses two threads.
LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler lcts = new LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler(2);
List<Task> tasks = new List<Task>();
// Create a TaskFactory and pass it our custom scheduler.
TaskFactory factory = new TaskFactory(lcts);
CancellationTokenSource cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
// Use our factory to run a set of tasks.
Object lockObj = new Object();
int outputItem = 0;
for (int tCtr = 0; tCtr <= 4; tCtr++) {
int iteration = tCtr;
Task t = factory.StartNew(() => {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
lock (lockObj) {
Console.Write("{0} in task t-{1} on thread {2} ",
i, iteration, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
outputItem++;
if (outputItem % 3 == 0)
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}, cts.Token);
tasks.Add(t);
}
// Use it to run a second set of tasks.
for (int tCtr = 0; tCtr <= 4; tCtr++) {
int iteration = tCtr;
Task t1 = factory.StartNew(() => {
for (int outer = 0; outer <= 10; outer++) {
for (int i = 0x21; i <= 0x7E; i++) {
lock (lockObj) {
Console.Write("'{0}' in task t1-{1} on thread {2} ",
Convert.ToChar(i), iteration, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
outputItem++;
if (outputItem % 3 == 0)
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}
}, cts.Token);
tasks.Add(t1);
}
// Wait for the tasks to complete before displaying a completion message.
Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray());
cts.Dispose();
Console.WriteLine("\n\nSuccessful completion.");
}
}
// Provides a task scheduler that ensures a maximum concurrency level while
// running on top of the thread pool.
public class LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler : TaskScheduler
{
// Indicates whether the current thread is processing work items.
[ThreadStatic]
private static bool _currentThreadIsProcessingItems;
// The list of tasks to be executed
private readonly LinkedList<Task> _tasks = new LinkedList<Task>(); // protected by lock(_tasks)
// The maximum concurrency level allowed by this scheduler.
private readonly int _maxDegreeOfParallelism;
// Indicates whether the scheduler is currently processing work items.
private int _delegatesQueuedOrRunning = 0;
// Creates a new instance with the specified degree of parallelism.
public LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler(int maxDegreeOfParallelism)
{
if (maxDegreeOfParallelism < 1) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("maxDegreeOfParallelism");
_maxDegreeOfParallelism = maxDegreeOfParallelism;
}
// Queues a task to the scheduler.
protected sealed override void QueueTask(Task task)
{
// Add the task to the list of tasks to be processed. If there aren't enough
// delegates currently queued or running to process tasks, schedule another.
lock (_tasks)
{
_tasks.AddLast(task);
if (_delegatesQueuedOrRunning < _maxDegreeOfParallelism)
{
++_delegatesQueuedOrRunning;
NotifyThreadPoolOfPendingWork();
}
}
}
// Inform the ThreadPool that there's work to be executed for this scheduler.
private void NotifyThreadPoolOfPendingWork()
{
ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(_ =>
{
// Note that the current thread is now processing work items.
// This is necessary to enable inlining of tasks into this thread.
_currentThreadIsProcessingItems = true;
try
{
// Process all available items in the queue.
while (true)
{
Task item;
lock (_tasks)
{
// When there are no more items to be processed,
// note that we're done processing, and get out.
if (_tasks.Count == 0)
{
--_delegatesQueuedOrRunning;
break;
}
// Get the next item from the queue
item = _tasks.First.Value;
_tasks.RemoveFirst();
}
// Execute the task we pulled out of the queue
base.TryExecuteTask(item);
}
}
// We're done processing items on the current thread
finally { _currentThreadIsProcessingItems = false; }
}, null);
}
// Attempts to execute the specified task on the current thread.
protected sealed override bool TryExecuteTaskInline(Task task, bool taskWasPreviouslyQueued)
{
// If this thread isn't already processing a task, we don't support inlining
if (!_currentThreadIsProcessingItems) return false;
// If the task was previously queued, remove it from the queue
if (taskWasPreviouslyQueued)
// Try to run the task.
if (TryDequeue(task))
return base.TryExecuteTask(task);
else
return false;
else
return base.TryExecuteTask(task);
}
// Attempt to remove a previously scheduled task from the scheduler.
protected sealed override bool TryDequeue(Task task)
{
lock (_tasks) return _tasks.Remove(task);
}
// Gets the maximum concurrency level supported by this scheduler.
public sealed override int MaximumConcurrencyLevel { get { return _maxDegreeOfParallelism; } }
// Gets an enumerable of the tasks currently scheduled on this scheduler.
protected sealed override IEnumerable<Task> GetScheduledTasks()
{
bool lockTaken = false;
try
{
Monitor.TryEnter(_tasks, ref lockTaken);
if (lockTaken) return _tasks;
else throw new NotSupportedException();
}
finally
{
if (lockTaken) Monitor.Exit(_tasks);
}
}
}
// The following is a portion of the output from a single run of the example:
// 'T' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'U' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'V' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'W' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'X' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'Y' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'Z' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '[' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '\' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// ']' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '^' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '_' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// '`' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'a' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'b' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'c' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'd' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'e' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'f' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'g' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'h' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'i' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'j' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'k' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'l' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'm' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'n' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'o' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'p' in task t1-4 on thread 3 ']' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// '^' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '_' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '`' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'a' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'b' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'c' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'd' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'e' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'f' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'g' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'h' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'i' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'j' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'k' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'l' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'm' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'n' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'o' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'p' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'q' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'r' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 's' in task t1-2 on thread 4 't' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'u' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'v' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'w' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'x' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'y' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'z' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '{' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// '|' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '}' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '~' in task t1-2 on thread 4
// 'q' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'r' in task t1-4 on thread 3 's' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 't' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'u' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'v' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'w' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'x' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'y' in task t1-4 on thread 3
// 'z' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '{' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '|' in task t1-4 on thread 3
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports System.Threading
Imports System.Threading.Tasks
Module Example
Sub Main()
' Create a scheduler that uses two threads.
Dim lcts As New LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler(2)
Dim tasks As New List(Of Task)()
' Create a TaskFactory and pass it our custom scheduler.
Dim factory As New TaskFactory(lcts)
Dim cts As New CancellationTokenSource()
' Use our factory to run a set of tasks.
Dim objLock As New Object()
Dim outputItem As Integer
For tCtr As Integer = 0 To 4
Dim iteration As Integer = tCtr
Dim t As Task = factory.StartNew(Sub()
For i As Integer = 1 To 1000
SyncLock objLock
Console.Write("{0} in task t-{1} on thread {2} ",
i, iteration, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId)
outputItem += 1
If outputItem Mod 3 = 0 Then Console.WriteLine()
End SyncLock
Next
End Sub,
cts.Token)
tasks.Add(t)
Next
' Use it to run a second set of tasks.
For tCtr As Integer = 0 To 4
Dim iteration As Integer = tCtr
Dim t1 As Task = factory.StartNew(Sub()
For outer As Integer = 0 To 10
For i As Integer = &h21 To &h7E
SyncLock objLock
Console.Write("'{0}' in task t1-{1} on thread {2} ",
Convert.ToChar(i), iteration, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId)
outputItem += 1
If outputItem Mod 3 = 0 Then Console.WriteLine()
End SyncLock
Next
Next
End Sub,
cts.Token)
tasks.Add(t1)
Next
' Wait for the tasks to complete before displaying a completion message.
Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray())
cts.Dispose()
Console.WriteLine(vbCrLf + vbCrLf + "Successful completion.")
End Sub
End Module
' Provides a task scheduler that ensures a maximum concurrency level while
' running on top of the thread pool.
Public Class LimitedConcurrencyLevelTaskScheduler : Inherits TaskScheduler
' Indicates whether the current thread is processing work items.
<ThreadStatic()> Private Shared _currentThreadIsProcessingItems As Boolean
' The list of tasks to be executed
Private ReadOnly _tasks As LinkedList(Of Task) = New LinkedList(Of Task)()
'The maximum concurrency level allowed by this scheduler.
Private ReadOnly _maxDegreeOfParallelism As Integer
' Indicates whether the scheduler is currently processing work items.
Private _delegatesQueuedOrRunning As Integer = 0 ' protected by lock(_tasks)
' Creates a new instance with the specified degree of parallelism.
Public Sub New(ByVal maxDegreeOfParallelism As Integer)
If (maxDegreeOfParallelism < 1) Then
Throw New ArgumentOutOfRangeException("maxDegreeOfParallelism")
End If
_maxDegreeOfParallelism = maxDegreeOfParallelism
End Sub
' Queues a task to the scheduler.
Protected Overrides Sub QueueTask(ByVal t As Task)
' Add the task to the list of tasks to be processed. If there aren't enough
' delegates currently queued or running to process tasks, schedule another.
SyncLock (_tasks)
_tasks.AddLast(t)
If (_delegatesQueuedOrRunning < _maxDegreeOfParallelism) Then
_delegatesQueuedOrRunning = _delegatesQueuedOrRunning + 1
NotifyThreadPoolOfPendingWork()
End If
End SyncLock
End Sub
' Inform the ThreadPool that there's work to be executed for this scheduler.
Private Sub NotifyThreadPoolOfPendingWork()
ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(Sub()
' Note that the current thread is now processing work items.
' This is necessary to enable inlining of tasks into this thread.
_currentThreadIsProcessingItems = True
Try
' Process all available items in the queue.
While (True)
Dim item As Task
SyncLock (_tasks)
' When there are no more items to be processed,
' note that we're done processing, and get out.
If (_tasks.Count = 0) Then
_delegatesQueuedOrRunning = _delegatesQueuedOrRunning - 1
Exit While
End If
' Get the next item from the queue
item = _tasks.First.Value
_tasks.RemoveFirst()
End SyncLock
' Execute the task we pulled out of the queue
MyBase.TryExecuteTask(item)
End While
' We're done processing items on the current thread
Finally
_currentThreadIsProcessingItems = False
End Try
End Sub,
Nothing)
End Sub
' Attempts to execute the specified task on the current thread.
Protected Overrides Function TryExecuteTaskInline(ByVal t As Task,
ByVal taskWasPreviouslyQueued As Boolean) As Boolean
' If this thread isn't already processing a task, we don't support inlining
If (Not _currentThreadIsProcessingItems) Then
Return False
End If
' If the task was previously queued, remove it from the queue
If (taskWasPreviouslyQueued) Then
' Try to run the task.
If TryDequeue(t) Then
Return MyBase.TryExecuteTask(t)
Else
Return False
End If
Else
Return MyBase.TryExecuteTask(t)
End If
End Function
' Attempt to remove a previously scheduled task from the scheduler.
Protected Overrides Function TryDequeue(ByVal t As Task) As Boolean
SyncLock (_tasks)
Return _tasks.Remove(t)
End SyncLock
End Function
' Gets the maximum concurrency level supported by this scheduler.
Public Overrides ReadOnly Property MaximumConcurrencyLevel As Integer
Get
Return _maxDegreeOfParallelism
End Get
End Property
' Gets an enumerable of the tasks currently scheduled on this scheduler.
Protected Overrides Function GetScheduledTasks() As IEnumerable(Of Task)
Dim lockTaken As Boolean = False
Try
Monitor.TryEnter(_tasks, lockTaken)
If (lockTaken) Then
Return _tasks.ToArray()
Else
Throw New NotSupportedException()
End If
Finally
If (lockTaken) Then
Monitor.Exit(_tasks)
End If
End Try
End Function
End Class
' The following is a portion of the output from a single run of the example:
' 'T' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'U' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'V' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'W' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'X' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'Y' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'Z' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '[' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '\' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' ']' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '^' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '_' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' '`' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'a' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'b' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'c' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'd' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'e' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'f' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'g' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'h' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'i' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'j' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'k' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'l' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'm' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'n' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'o' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'p' in task t1-4 on thread 3 ']' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' '^' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '_' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '`' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'a' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'b' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'c' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'd' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'e' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'f' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'g' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'h' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'i' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'j' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'k' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'l' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'm' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'n' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'o' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'p' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'q' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'r' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 's' in task t1-2 on thread 4 't' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'u' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'v' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'w' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'x' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'y' in task t1-2 on thread 4 'z' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '{' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' '|' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '}' in task t1-2 on thread 4 '~' in task t1-2 on thread 4
' 'q' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'r' in task t1-4 on thread 3 's' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 't' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'u' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'v' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'w' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'x' in task t1-4 on thread 3 'y' in task t1-4 on thread 3
' 'z' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '{' in task t1-4 on thread 3 '|' in task t1-4 on thread 3
Remarks
An instance of the TaskScheduler class represents a task scheduler. A task scheduler ensures that the work of a task is eventually executed.
The default task scheduler is based on the .NET Framework 4 thread pool, which provides work-stealing for load-balancing, thread injection/retirement for maximum throughput, and overall good performance. It should be sufficient for most scenarios.
The TaskScheduler class also serves as the extension point for all customizable scheduling logic. This includes mechanisms such as how to schedule a task for execution, and how scheduled tasks should be exposed to debuggers. If you require special functionality, you can create a custom scheduler and enable it for specific tasks or queries.
In this article:
The default task scheduler and the thread pool
The global queue vs. local queues
Work stealing
Long-running tasks
Task inlining
Specifying a synchronization context
The default task scheduler and the thread pool
The default scheduler for the Task Parallel Library and PLINQ uses the .NET thread pool, which is represented by the ThreadPool class, to queue and execute work. The thread pool uses the information that is provided by the Task type to efficiently support the fine-grained parallelism (short-lived units of work) that parallel tasks and queries often represent.
The global queue vs. local queues
The thread pool maintains a global FIFO (first-in, first-out) work queue for threads in each application domain. Whenever a program calls the ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem (or ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem) method, the work is put on this shared queue and eventually de-queued onto the next thread that becomes available. Starting with .NET Framework 4, this queue uses a lock-free algorithm that resembles the ConcurrentQueue<T> class. By using this lock-free implementation, the thread pool spends less time when it queues and de-queues work items. This performance benefit is available to all programs that use the thread pool.
Top-level tasks, which are tasks that are not created in the context of another task, are put on the global queue just like any other work item. However, nested or child tasks, which are created in the context of another task, are handled quite differently. A child or nested task is put on a local queue that is specific to the thread on which the parent task is executing. The parent task may be a top-level task or it also may be the child of another task. When this thread is ready for more work, it first looks in the local queue. If work items are waiting there, they can be accessed quickly. The local queues are accessed in last-in, first-out order (LIFO) to preserve cache locality and reduce contention. For more information about child tasks and nested tasks, see Attached and Detached Child Tasks.
The use of local queues not only reduces pressure on the global queue, but also takes advantage of data locality. Work items in the local queue frequently reference data structures that are physically near one another in memory. In these cases, the data is already in the cache after the first task has run and can be accessed quickly. Both Parallel LINQ (PLINQ) and the Parallel class use nested tasks and child tasks extensively, and achieve significant speedups by using the local work queues.
Work stealing
Starting with .NET Framework 4, the thread pool also features a work-stealing algorithm to help make sure that no threads are sitting idle while others still have work in their queues. When a thread-pool thread is ready for more work, it first looks at the head of its local queue, then in the global queue, and then in the local queues of other threads. If it finds a work item in the local queue of another thread, it first applies heuristics to make sure that it can run the work efficiently. If it can, it de-queues the work item from the tail (in FIFO order). This reduces contention on each local queue and preserves data locality. This architecture helps the thread pool load-balance work more efficiently than past versions did.
Long-running tasks
You may want to explicitly prevent a task from being put on a local queue. For example, you may know that a particular work item will run for a relatively long time and is likely to block all other work items on the local queue. In this case, you can specify the System.Threading.Tasks.TaskCreationOptions option, which provides a hint to the scheduler that an additional thread might be required for the task so that it does not block the forward progress of other threads or work items on the local queue. By using this option you avoid the thread pool completely, including the global and local queues.
Task inlining
In some cases when a Task is waited on, it may be executed synchronously on the thread that is performing the wait operation. This enhances performance by preventing the need for an additional thread and instead using the existing thread, which would have blocked otherwise. To prevent errors due to reentrancy, task inlining only occurs when the wait target is found in the relevant thread's local queue.
Specifying a synchronization context
You can use the TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext method to specify that a task should be scheduled to run on a particular thread. This is useful in frameworks such as Windows Forms and Windows Presentation Foundation where access to user interface objects is often restricted to code that is running on the same thread on which the UI object was created.
The following example uses the TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext method in a Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) app to schedule a task on the same thread that the user interface (UI) control was created on. The example creates a mosaic of images that are randomly selected from a specified directory. The WPF objects are used to load and resize the images. The raw pixels are then passed to a task that uses a For loop to write the pixel data into a large single-byte array. No synchronization is required because no two tiles occupy the same array elements. The tiles can also be written in any order because their position is calculated independently of any other tile. The large array is then passed to a task that runs on the UI thread, where the pixel data is loaded into an Image control.
The example moves data off the UI thread, modifies it by using parallel loops and Task objects, and then passes it back to a task that runs on the UI thread. This approach is useful when you have to use the Task Parallel Library to perform operations that either are not supported by the WPF API, or are not sufficiently fast. Another way to create an image mosaic in WPF is to use a System.Windows.Controls.WrapPanel control and add images to it. The WrapPanel handles the work of positioning the tiles. However, this work can only be performed on the UI thread.
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
namespace WPF_CS1
{
/// <summary>
/// Interaction logic for MainWindow.xaml
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
private int fileCount;
int colCount;
int rowCount;
private int tilePixelHeight;
private int tilePixelWidth;
private int largeImagePixelHeight;
private int largeImagePixelWidth;
private int largeImageStride;
PixelFormat format;
BitmapPalette palette = null;
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
// For this example, values are hard-coded to a mosaic of 8x8 tiles.
// Each tile is 50 pixels high and 66 pixels wide and 32 bits per pixel.
colCount = 12;
rowCount = 8;
tilePixelHeight = 50;
tilePixelWidth = 66;
largeImagePixelHeight = tilePixelHeight * rowCount;
largeImagePixelWidth = tilePixelWidth * colCount;
largeImageStride = largeImagePixelWidth * (32 / 8);
this.Width = largeImagePixelWidth + 40;
image.Width = largeImagePixelWidth;
image.Height = largeImagePixelHeight;
}
private void button_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
// For best results use 1024 x 768 jpg files at 32bpp.
string[] files = System.IO.Directory.GetFiles(@"C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\", "*.jpg");
fileCount = files.Length;
Task<byte[]>[] images = new Task<byte[]>[fileCount];
for (int i = 0; i < fileCount; i++)
{
int x = i;
images[x] = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => LoadImage(files[x]));
}
// When they've all been loaded, tile them into a single byte array.
var tiledImage = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(
images, (i) => TileImages(i));
// We are currently on the UI thread. Save the sync context and pass it to
// the next task so that it can access the UI control "image".
var UISyncContext = TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext();
// On the UI thread, put the bytes into a bitmap and
// display it in the Image control.
var t3 = tiledImage.ContinueWith((antecedent) =>
{
// Get System DPI.
Matrix m = PresentationSource.FromVisual(Application.Current.MainWindow)
.CompositionTarget.TransformToDevice;
double dpiX = m.M11;
double dpiY = m.M22;
BitmapSource bms = BitmapSource.Create(largeImagePixelWidth,
largeImagePixelHeight,
dpiX,
dpiY,
format,
palette, //use default palette
antecedent.Result,
largeImageStride);
image.Source = bms;
}, UISyncContext);
}
byte[] LoadImage(string filename)
{
// Use the WPF BitmapImage class to load and
// resize the bitmap. NOTE: Only 32bpp formats are supported correctly.
// Support for additional color formats is left as an exercise
// for the reader. For more information, see documentation for ColorConvertedBitmap.
BitmapImage bitmapImage = new BitmapImage();
bitmapImage.BeginInit();
bitmapImage.UriSource = new Uri(filename);
bitmapImage.DecodePixelHeight = tilePixelHeight;
bitmapImage.DecodePixelWidth = tilePixelWidth;
bitmapImage.EndInit();
format = bitmapImage.Format;
int size = (int)(bitmapImage.Height * bitmapImage.Width);
int stride = (int)bitmapImage.Width * 4;
byte[] dest = new byte[stride * tilePixelHeight];
bitmapImage.CopyPixels(dest, stride, 0);
return dest;
}
int Stride(int pixelWidth, int bitsPerPixel)
{
return (((pixelWidth * bitsPerPixel + 31) / 32) * 4);
}
// Map the individual image tiles to the large image
// in parallel. Any kind of raw image manipulation can be
// done here because we are not attempting to access any
// WPF controls from multiple threads.
byte[] TileImages(Task<byte[]>[] sourceImages)
{
byte[] largeImage = new byte[largeImagePixelHeight * largeImageStride];
int tileImageStride = tilePixelWidth * 4; // hard coded to 32bpp
Random rand = new Random();
Parallel.For(0, rowCount * colCount, (i) =>
{
// Pick one of the images at random for this tile.
int cur = rand.Next(0, sourceImages.Length);
byte[] pixels = sourceImages[cur].Result;
// Get the starting index for this tile.
int row = i / colCount;
int col = (int)(i % colCount);
int idx = ((row * (largeImageStride * tilePixelHeight)) + (col * tileImageStride));
// Write the pixels for the current tile. The pixels are not contiguous
// in the array, therefore we have to advance the index by the image stride
// (minus the stride of the tile) for each scanline of the tile.
int tileImageIndex = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < tilePixelHeight; j++)
{
// Write the next scanline for this tile.
for (int k = 0; k < tileImageStride; k++)
{
largeImage[idx++] = pixels[tileImageIndex++];
}
// Advance to the beginning of the next scanline.
idx += largeImageStride - tileImageStride;
}
});
return largeImage;
}
}
}
Imports System.Threading.Tasks
Imports System.Windows
Imports System.Windows.Media
Imports System.Windows.Media.Imaging
Partial Public Class MainWindow : Inherits Window
Dim fileCount As Integer
Dim colCount As Integer
Dim rowCount As Integer
Dim tilePixelHeight As Integer
Dim tilePixelWidth As Integer
Dim largeImagePixelHeight As Integer
Dim largeImagePixelWidth As Integer
Dim largeImageStride As Integer
Dim format As PixelFormat
Dim palette As BitmapPalette = Nothing
Public Sub New()
InitializeComponent()
' For this example, values are hard-coded to a mosaic of 8x8 tiles.
' Each tile Is 50 pixels high and 66 pixels wide and 32 bits per pixel.
colCount = 12
rowCount = 8
tilePixelHeight = 50
tilePixelWidth = 66
largeImagePixelHeight = tilePixelHeight * rowCount
largeImagePixelWidth = tilePixelWidth * colCount
largeImageStride = largeImagePixelWidth * (32 / 8)
Me.Width = largeImagePixelWidth + 40
image.Width = largeImagePixelWidth
image.Height = largeImagePixelHeight
End Sub
Private Sub button_Click(sender As Object, e As RoutedEventArgs) _
Handles button.Click
' For best results use 1024 x 768 jpg files at 32bpp.
Dim files() As String = System.IO.Directory.GetFiles("C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\", "*.jpg")
fileCount = files.Length
Dim images(fileCount - 1) As Task(Of Byte())
For i As Integer = 0 To fileCount - 1
Dim x As Integer = i
images(x) = Task.Factory.StartNew(Function() LoadImage(files(x)))
Next
' When they have all been loaded, tile them into a single byte array.
'var tiledImage = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(
' images, (i) >= TileImages(i));
' Dim tiledImage As Task(Of Byte()) = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(images, Function(i As Task(Of Byte())) TileImages(i))
Dim tiledImage = Task.Factory.ContinueWhenAll(images, Function(i As Task(Of Byte())()) TileImages(i))
' We are currently on the UI thread. Save the sync context and pass it to
' the next task so that it can access the UI control "image1".
Dim UISyncContext = TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext()
' On the UI thread, put the bytes into a bitmap and
' display it in the Image control.
Dim t3 = tiledImage.ContinueWith(Sub(antecedent)
' Get System DPI.
Dim m As Matrix = PresentationSource.FromVisual(Application.Current.MainWindow).CompositionTarget.TransformToDevice
Dim dpiX As Double = m.M11
Dim dpiY As Double = m.M22
' Use the default palette in creating the bitmap.
Dim bms As BitmapSource = BitmapSource.Create(largeImagePixelWidth,
largeImagePixelHeight,
dpiX,
dpiY,
format,
palette,
antecedent.Result,
largeImageStride)
image.Source = bms
End Sub, UISyncContext)
End Sub
Public Function LoadImage(filename As String) As Byte()
' Use the WPF BitmapImage class to load and
' resize the bitmap. NOTE: Only 32bpp formats are supported correctly.
' Support for additional color formats Is left as an exercise
' for the reader. For more information, see documentation for ColorConvertedBitmap.
Dim bitmapImage As New BitmapImage()
bitmapImage.BeginInit()
bitmapImage.UriSource = New Uri(filename)
bitmapImage.DecodePixelHeight = tilePixelHeight
bitmapImage.DecodePixelWidth = tilePixelWidth
bitmapImage.EndInit()
format = bitmapImage.Format
Dim size As Integer = CInt(bitmapImage.Height * bitmapImage.Width)
Dim stride As Integer = CInt(bitmapImage.Width * 4)
Dim dest(stride * tilePixelHeight - 1) As Byte
bitmapImage.CopyPixels(dest, stride, 0)
Return dest
End Function
Function Stride(pixelWidth As Integer, bitsPerPixel As Integer) As Integer
Return (((pixelWidth * bitsPerPixel + 31) / 32) * 4)
End Function
' Map the individual image tiles to the large image
' in parallel. Any kind of raw image manipulation can be
' done here because we are Not attempting to access any
' WPF controls from multiple threads.
Function TileImages(sourceImages As Task(Of Byte())()) As Byte()
Dim largeImage(largeImagePixelHeight * largeImageStride - 1) As Byte
Dim tileImageStride As Integer = tilePixelWidth * 4 ' hard coded To 32bpp
Dim rand As New Random()
Parallel.For(0, rowCount * colCount, Sub(i)
' Pick one of the images at random for this tile.
Dim cur As Integer = rand.Next(0, sourceImages.Length)
Dim pixels() As Byte = sourceImages(cur).Result
' Get the starting index for this tile.
Dim row As Integer = i \ colCount
Dim col As Integer = i Mod colCount
Dim idx As Integer = ((row * (largeImageStride * tilePixelHeight)) + (col * tileImageStride))
' Write the pixels for the current tile. The pixels are Not contiguous
' in the array, therefore we have to advance the index by the image stride
' (minus the stride of the tile) for each scanline of the tile.
Dim tileImageIndex As Integer = 0
For j As Integer = 0 To tilePixelHeight - 1
' Write the next scanline for this tile.
For k As Integer = 0 To tileImageStride - 1
largeImage(idx) = pixels(tileImageIndex)
idx += 1
tileImageIndex += 1
Next
' Advance to the beginning of the next scanline.
idx += largeImageStride - tileImageStride
Next
End Sub)
Return largeImage
End Function
End Class
To create the example, create a WPF application project in Visual Studio and name it WPF_CS1 (for a C# WPF project) or WPF_VB1 (for a Visual Basic WPF project). Then do the following:
In design view, drag an Image control from the Toolbox onto the upper left corner of the design surface. In the Name textbox of the Properties window, name the control "image".
Drag a Button control from the Toolbox to the lower left part of the application window. In XAML view, specify the Content property of the button as "Make a mosaic", and specify its Width property as "100". Connect the Click event with the
button_Clickevent handler defined in the example's code by addingClick="button_Click"to the<Button>element. In the Name textbox of the Properties window, name the control "button".Replace the entire contents of the MainWindow.xaml.cs or MainWindow.xaml.vb file with the code from this example. For a C# WPF project, make sure that the name of the workspace matches the project name.
The example reads JPEG images from a directory named C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\. Either create the directory and place some images in it, or change the path to refer to some other directory that contains images.
This example has some limitations. For example, only 32-bits-per-pixel images are supported; images in other formats are corrupted by the BitmapImage object during the resizing operation. Also, the source images must all be larger than the tile size. As a further exercise, you can add functionality to handle multiple pixel formats and file sizes.
Constructors
| TaskScheduler() |
Initializes the TaskScheduler. |
Properties
| Current |
Gets the TaskScheduler associated with the currently executing task. |
| Default |
Gets the default TaskScheduler instance that is provided by .NET. |
| Id |
Gets the unique ID for this TaskScheduler. |
| MaximumConcurrencyLevel |
Indicates the maximum concurrency level this TaskScheduler is able to support. |
Methods
| Equals(Object) |
Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object. (Inherited from Object) |
| Finalize() |
Frees all resources associated with this scheduler. |
| FromCurrentSynchronizationContext() |
Creates a TaskScheduler associated with the current SynchronizationContext. |
| GetHashCode() |
Serves as the default hash function. (Inherited from Object) |
| GetScheduledTasks() |
For debugger support only, generates an enumerable of Task instances currently queued to the scheduler waiting to be executed. |
| GetType() |
Gets the Type of the current instance. (Inherited from Object) |
| MemberwiseClone() |
Creates a shallow copy of the current Object. (Inherited from Object) |
| QueueTask(Task) |
Queues a Task to the scheduler. |
| ToString() |
Returns a string that represents the current object. (Inherited from Object) |
| TryDequeue(Task) |
Attempts to dequeue a Task that was previously queued to this scheduler. |
| TryExecuteTask(Task) |
Attempts to execute the provided Task on this scheduler. |
| TryExecuteTaskInline(Task, Boolean) |
Determines whether the provided Task can be executed synchronously in this call, and if it can, executes it. |
Events
| UnobservedTaskException |
Occurs when a faulted task's unobserved exception is about to trigger exception escalation policy, which, by default, would terminate the process. |
Applies to
Thread Safety
All members of the abstract TaskScheduler type are thread-safe and may be used from multiple threads concurrently.