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Identity & Access Management

The 7 Laws of Identity

Joshua Trupin

Digital identities have taken on an increasingly important role in the corporate infrastructure, as IT departments define what applications and data sources each individual user can access. But as the role of identities has grown, so has the complexity of identity systems. Since each application and resource typically has its own mechanism for handling authentication and authorization, managing this critical information can be a challenge. Fortunately, you can roll out a solution to simplify identity and access management within your organization. But before you plan your solution, you need to understand the seven laws of identity.

Chances are you're having an identity crisis, or will be soon. Identity and access management have become important components of every organization's infrastructure, but the complexity can leave you stymied. When you are designing security into your infrastructure, the worst thing you can do is assume you have to reinvent the wheel. The best thing, in actuality, is to take advantage of the knowledge and experience of those who have been through the process. There are some well-trod paths you can follow.

Microsoft TechNet shows you these paths with a series of papers and discussions that help turn the winding route into a straight-ahead journey. That help is freely available online.

But implementation isn't the only facet of identity assurance. If you move up one level of abstraction, you begin to see some universal truths about the concepts surrounding identity itself and designing a system that will be strong, extensible, and trustworthy. It's always a good idea to make sure you're up-to-date on what others have discovered about security before you leap headlong into the fray. In particular, you should know about the Seven Laws of Identity.

The seven laws were developed by Kim Cameron, chief identity and access architect at Microsoft, and then refined in the blogosphere through his site. The laws have been compiled and enhanced during an ongoing conversation among numerous people, and they represent the best available advice for architecting your identity solutions. Let's look at these seven laws and how they relate to real-life systems. Just to make sure you're paying attention, you'll be quizzed at the end of each section.

User Control and Consent

Technical identity systems must only reveal information identifying a user with the user's consent.

No matter what the circumstance is, the user must always have control over her destiny. If the user ends up not trusting the system, she will try to bypass it. It's as simple as that. The system must be clear about what information it requires and what it will do with the information.

This remains true in any context—even on the job. If you're designing an enterprise system, the right of first refusal must rest with the user, even if this breaks the conditions of employment. If set up this way, the employee is informed about how the information would be used, and the employer is indemnified by revealing all.

Question 1: Your company is designing a new system that will store a user's confidential reviews on a server in your main office. How should this system be designed?

A Users are required to upload their files to a site, with no explanation of where the files go

B Users are required to upload their files to a site, and they are informed that other users may have access to the information

C Users are required to upload their files to a site, and they're notified that the information can be accessed only by their supervisors and HR counselors

D Users are not required to upload their files if they don't want to; instead of placing their review on a remote server, they may play Solitaire on company time

Minimal Disclosure for a Constrained Use

The solution that discloses the least amount of identifying information and best limits its use is the most stable long-term solution.

Simply put, the less information you pass along to providers, the less information they can keep for future uses. And subsequently the less information that can be compromised.

If a system uses your Social Security number as a sign-in ID and other systems do the same, you are uniquely identified across all these systems. That's identity theft waiting to happen, and, in fact, there are several laws proscribing the use of such identifiers. You're assured that the number is unique, but that strength is also its weakness.

Question 2: Complete the following message: "Thank you for signing up for free daily joke e-mails! In order to begin your subscription, we need your..."

A Home address

B E-mail address

C Cell phone number

D Social Security number and mother's maiden name

Justifiable Parties

Digital identity systems must be designed so the disclosure of identifying information is limited to parties having a necessary and justifiable place in a given identity relationship.

Are you, as a user, aware of whom you're giving your information to and whether there's any reason for them to have it? This was the question many people asked about the Microsoft® Passport system—why would you give your information to Microsoft in order to access a third-party bookseller? What else was being traced? Were cross-site visits being compiled in some way?

The actual answers to those questions don't matter. Once suspicions are planted in users' minds, they shy away from a single identity system. That's exactly what's happening in many countries and municipalities as governments debate issuing digital identities to citizens. It's one thing to use your government ID for government services. Would you really want to use the same ID to sign onto your personal e-mail account or do online banking, no matter how convenient that might be?

Question 3: Who is the best party to control the identifying information you've given to an online bookseller?

A The bookseller

B The government

C A third-party address-book site

D None of the above

Seven Rules in a Nutshell by Kim Cameron

  • Technical identity systems must only reveal information identifying a user with the user’s consent.
  • The solution that discloses the least amount of identifying information and best limits its use is the most stable long-term solution.
  • Digital identity systems must be designed so the disclosure of identifying information is limited to parties having a necessary and justifiable place in a given identity relationship.
  • A universal identity system must support both "omnidirectional" identifiers for use by public entities and "unidirectional" identifiers for use by private entities, thus facilitating discovery while preventing unnecessary release of correlation handles.
  • A universal identity system must channel and enable the inter-working of multiple identity technologies run by multiple identity providers.
  • The universal identity metasystem must define the human user to be a component of the distributed system integrated through unambiguous human/machine communication mechanisms, offering protection against identity attacks.
  • The unifying identity metasystem must guarantee its users a simple, consistent experience while enabling separation of contexts through multiple operators and technologies.

Directed Identity

A universal identity system must support both "omnidirectional" identifiers for use by public entities and "unidirectional" identifiers for use by private entities, thus facilitating discovery while preventing unnecessary release of correlation handles.

Directed identity is an extension of the public/private key setup. A public entity is omnidirectional, broadcasting its existence for all to see. A private entity, like a user, is unidirectional. You should always know how to find a particular Web site, because it broadcasts its existence by way of its URL. But Web sites should not be able to follow you around. (Some affinity marketers disagree with this, which is why Internet Explorer® lets you reject third-party cookies.)

In the physical world, systems like Bluetooth and RFID currently have problems with the Law of Directed Identity. An RFID tag is omnidirectional—anyone with an RFID reader can sense the tag's approach. If one of these tags gets into your passport or driver's license, you'll be broadcasting information about yourself to anyone with the mechanism to pick it up. At best, this is probably a nuisance; in certain situations (traveling abroad, for instance), it could be downright dangerous. Any identifier should respond only when it can be certain that the reader is trusted.

Question 4: Which of the following choices is an example of a unidirectional identifier?

A Your Bluetooth adapter signal

B A Web site URL

C A building-entry swipe card

D The microchip that was secretly implanted in your arm when you were vaccinated as a child

Pluralism of Operators and Technologies

A universal identity system must channel and enable the inter-working of multiple identity technologies run by multiple identity providers.

Context is always important in identification. While we can dream of a single, all-encompassing ID system that works in all contexts, the vast differences in purpose among roles makes this impossible (not to mention undesirable). You don't want the same system to provide both your office e-mail and your personal e-mail, because you have different privacy expectations for each.

For this reason, a good identity metasystem will allow for components that offer divergent—and sometimes contradictory—features. While a metasystem can adopt a single protocol, and even a consistent user experience, the actual identity providers will vary depending upon whether the user is acting in the context of a consumer, an individual, an employee, or some other role. If you think about what XML has become—the same structure is used to syndicate content, to store user settings, and to provide inter-process communication—it becomes clear that identity metasystems can act similarly, providing a basis for whatever functionality vendors need to provide.

Question 5: How many operators should be able to work together with a universal identity system?

A 1

B 3

C 47,559

D As many as necessary

Human Integration

The universal identity metasystem must define the human user to be a component of the distributed system integrated through unambiguous human/machine communication mechanisms, offering protection against identity attacks.

The Internet seems more dangerous than ever, but in reality it's becoming more secure. We understand attacks better now, and administrators are more attuned to the concept of preventative maintenance.

But all the antivirus programs in the world can't keep a user from clicking on a link in a phishing e-mail, thereby inadvertently authorizing an attack on his machine. The same goes for identity. You can protect communications with all the 128-bit keys you want, but the easiest way to commit identity fraud is to steal identifiers right from the user. That's why human integration is so important to a successful identity metasystem.

A system that works is one that's clear to the end user and that can be shown to work effectively. Is the user experience unambiguous? Can the user make informed decisions from it? ID systems don't end at the keyboard, they end at the individual—and systems must take this into account.

Question 6: Why do hackers target the end user rather than the in-process communication?

A The end user can be tricked into opening a fake message from a bank and entering info

B If the hacker can assume a user's identity, he also gets to keep the comfy office chair, stapler, and travel coffee mug

C Communications protocols can be effectively secured, and the end user is the weak point on the chain

D All of the above (except maybe B)

Consistent Experience Across Contexts

The unifying identity metasystem must guarantee its users a simple, consistent experience while enabling separation of contexts through multiple operators and technologies.

Take a look in your wallet. Chances are you have a large number of cards. One might be a driver's license; another a student ID. You might have a couple of credit cards, an ATM card, a library card, a health plan card, and maybe even a supermarket "rewards" card.

You can think of your wallet as an identity metasystem. It holds identification as physical objects, and you are probably comfortable using each card you get. Each one identifies you, but each card is used in different contexts and has different capabilities. One lets you borrow books, while another buys your groceries.

Different people have different combinations of cards, depending on the various contexts they need to access. Creating a consistent ID experience across contexts works the same way in an identity metasystem. Depending upon what context you're trying to access, the relying party may ask you to provide one or more cards to prove you are who you say you are and you have the rights you're asserting. You need to understand which cards do what, but you know you can always ID yourself as long as you bring your wallet.

Question 7: Which of the following is not a common contextual identity choice?

A Browsing (self-asserted identity for exploring the Web)

B Community (public identity for collaborating with others)

C Citizen (identity issued by a government)

D Credit card (identity issued by a financial institution)

E Klingon (self-asserted identity for visiting a sci-fi conference at the local VFW hall)

ID Management

For more information on Identity Management, visit the following online resources.

Conclusion

Why are these seven laws of identity so important? Digital identities play a key role in today's information infrastructure. If users and companies do not see identification as safe, private, and secure, the lack of trust will end up undermining any products and technologies that are built upon it.

To keep up on the ever-evolving world of identity systems, you should definitely get Kim Cameron's Identity Weblog in your aggregator. You can get the feed at www.identityblog.com/?feed=rss2, and you'll get several interesting articles every week. These will give you a better picture of the important work going on in this area.

Question Answer
1. Your company is designing a new system that will store a user’s confidential reviews on a server in your main office. How should this system be designed? C. It is a condition of employment to create and file a review. Users can choose whether to do this, but not complying violates company policy. At the same time, they are given concrete information that clearly explains the exact boundaries for their personal information, so they can feel confident that prying eyes will not get to it.
2. Complete the following message: “Thank you for signing up for free daily joke e-mails! In order to begin your subscription, we need your...” B. You only need an e-mail address to send out e-mail. If this is a real service and not just some trick to get your home address, nothing more is or should be required. Forms that ask for all sorts of personal information create an atmosphere of distrust.
3. Who is the best party to control the identifying information you’ve given to an online bookseller? A. People have high levels of trust in the entities they’re dealing with directly, and less trust in third-party go-betweens.
4. Which of the following is an example of a unidirectional identifier? C. A swipe card only works when you choose to swipe it. In contrast, a Bluetooth adapter announces its existence indiscriminately to all in the vicinity. A URL lets any visitor find their way to your site. And we won’t even get into what that microchip does.
5. How many operators should be able to work together with a universal identity system? D. An identity system is best defined through its underlying protocol and user experience, providing extensibility for any valid operators who want to plug into the system.
6. Why do hackers target the end user rather than the in-process communication? D. The human at the end of the identity system is the path of least resistance into the system. Systems should be designed to minimize confusion and ambiguity for the end user.
7. Which of the following is not a common contextual identity choice? E. At least, we hope that’s the answer.

Joshua Trupin is the Executive Editor of MSDN Magazine and TechNet Magazine. He has written numerous articles for MSJ, MIND, MSDN Magazine, and TechNet Magazine, as well as a book, Hoop Stats: The Basketball Abstract.

© 2008 Microsoft Corporation and CMP Media, LLC. All rights reserved; reproduction in part or in whole without permission is prohibited.