I am sorry to hear about the incident with your phone and the serious inconvenience caused by losing access to your Authenticator app. Recovering access is critical, and the steps required depend entirely on the type of email account you are using.
Please identify your account type to follow the correct procedure:
Scenario 1: Work or School Account (Microsoft 365/Azure AD)
If this account was provided by your organization (typically ending in your company or school domain), we cannot directly reset 2FA for you.
Solution:
Contact Your IT Department or Administrator (Admin): Your organization's IT administrator is the only person who has the authority to reset or clear the two-factor authentication (2FA) methods from your account via the Azure Active Directory portal.
Request an MFA Reset: Contact your internal support immediately and ask them to perform a "Require re-register Multi-Factor Authentication" action on your account. This will force you to set up a new Authenticator app on a new device upon your next login.
Scenario 2: Personal Microsoft Account (MSA - Outlook.com, Hotmail.com, Live.com)
If this is a personal account, the recovery process is more complex when no backup codes are available.
Solution:
Use the Account Recovery Form:
Even though you have 2FA enabled, the first step is still to fill out the Microsoft Account Recovery Form.
Provide as much accurate information as possible on this form to prove ownership (e.g., recent email subjects, contacts, etc.).
The 30-Day Security Cooldown Process:
Because you enabled 2FA and lack backup codes, if your recovery request is approved, Microsoft will initiate a mandatory 30-day security cooldown process.
During this period, all strong security measures (including 2FA) are temporarily disabled to allow you re-access once the waiting period is over.