Miscellaneous topics that do not fit into specific categories.
Who is your email account with? If you are using an IMAP account, don't add it as a Microsoft cloud sync account. Add it as imap. After entering your address and outlook finds it, click the link to connect directly to the IMAP server.
All of the mail should sync is you connect directly to the mail server but the Microsoft cloud won't store all of your mail, especially if your mailbox is huge.
If you use an Outlook.com or Microsoft 365 account, all mail will sync but only if you keep scrolling.
Microsoft changed Preferences to Settings a few months ago. The account settings changed and the options are limited in new Outlook for mac. But there is not an option to control syncing. That option is in the classic Windows version.