Core component of SQL Server for storing, processing, and securing data
That does indeed sound like a TLS problem. Did you restart the SQL Server machine after the registry change?
It seems that SQL Server 2022 supports connection from TLS 1.0, if the OS supports it.
I found a program that you can use to verify support in SQL Server for different versions of TLS: https://github.com/x509cert/TlsTest. You may want to try that. (Although, the risk is that it does not run on XP...)