Thanks for providing those details.
Based on the results, your laptop is obtaining a valid IP address from the router, but Windows is unable to route traffic beyond the local machine. Since this occurs on multiple networks and you've already tried the common network repairs, I'm leaning toward a corruption in the Windows networking stack or interference from a network filter driver.
Since you have Proton VPN installed, even if it is not currently active, I would try completely uninstalling Proton VPN, restarting the PC, and then testing the connection again.
If the problem persists, could you create a new local user account and test the connection from there? This helps determine whether the issue is limited to your current Windows profile or affects the entire system.
If the same behavior occurs in the new profile, I would then consider an in-place repair upgrade of Windows, since you've already completed many of the standard network troubleshooting steps.