Hi Sjoerd, My name is Estrella, and I'm a Microsoft user like you. I'm sorry to hear you're experiencing this issue. I'll be more than happy to help.
Error code 0x80073712 indicates a corrupted component store. Please try below steps to fix this issue:
I suggest a repair in-place upgrade while keeping your files and apps. This helps fix or replace any corrupted files that may be causing the problem.
Note: Before doing so, unplug all unnecessary external peripherals connected to your PC, and temporarily disable any third-party antivirus program to avoid interference.
- Click the 'Download now' button under 'Create Windows 10 Installation Media' and save it to your computer: https://www.microsoft.com/software-download/win...
- Run the downloaded file and select 'Yes' when prompted by User Account Control (UAC).
- Accept the Microsoft Software License Terms if you agree.
- On the 'What do you want to do?' screen, select 'Upgrade this PC now' and click 'Next.'
(This stage will download, verify, and create the Windows 10 installation media.)
- Under 'Choose what to keep,' select 'Keep personal files and apps,' then click 'Next.'
- Click 'Install,' and the installation will begin. (This process will take some time, so please be patient.)
Let me know how it goes. Thank you!