sfc /scannow, DISM and Windows 11 Installation not working after KB5058502 failure

I'm running Windows 11 and today the update KB5058502 attempted to install. However, an error occurred during the update which let to the system get stuck on "Undoing changes made to your computer", which would never actually complete. Through the use of Windows 11 install media on a USB stick, I was able to change the boot from "Windows Rollback" back to "Windows 11". The system mostly functions (Windows Explorer seems to behave normally and most applications seem to work fine), with a few exceptions:

• Some applications fail to open with the error "The application has failed to start because its side-by-side configuration is incorrect. Please see the application event log or use the command-line sxstrace.exe tool for more detail."
• Steam fails to open with the error "The code execution cannot proceed because C:\WINDOWS\WinSxS\x86_microsoft.windows.common-controIs_6595b64144ccf1df_6.0.22621.5262_none_6ebff4ba87ff320e\COMCTL32.dll was not found. Reinstalling the program may fix this problem."
• sfc /scannow fails with the message "Windows Resource Protection could not start the repair service." (I checked and trustedInstaller is running)
• DISM /Online fails with the message "Error: 193 An error occurred while attempting to start the servicing process for the image located at C:. For more information, review the log file."
• Windows 11 Installation Assistant (trying to repair the Windows install) errors with "Installation failed", followed by "Something went wrong | Select Try again, and if that doesn't work, contact Microsoft support for help. Error code 0x800700c1"
• Installing the KB5058502 update with the standalone installer fails with the message "This update is not applicable to your computer".

I'm assuming this is all because of corrupted files due to the update failing to install (apart from maybe the Windows 11 installation assistant failing, surely that shouldn't even be using installed files...?) Checking the CBS log, I've found that the following error is repeated over and over: "Failed to create CBS worker - waiting for a second and trying again".

OS Version 10.0.22631 Build 22631

Thanks!

Ben