@Immer ,
Did you set sharedcomputer activation for Microsoft 365?
Please close the "Sign in to setup office" windows, go to File >Account > Product Information, check whether Microsoft 365 apps were activated.
On the view of Office, you may try to delete the registry below to check this issue.
Computer\HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Common\Identity\Identities
.
(Please note, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Before you modify it, back up the registry for restoration in case problems occur.
Please refer to this article about how to back up and restore the registry in Windows.)
To better help you, I woud add the tag "azure-ad-signle-sign-on", as the SSO is out of my support scope. Thanks for your understanding.
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