Based on the Manage and query access control lists article, it looks like there are a few options for querying Access Control Lists.
To return a list of access control lists for a specified security namespace and token:
GET https://dev.azure.com/{organization}/_apis/accesscontrollists/{securityNamespaceId}?api-version=6.0
To retrieve the list of access control list (ACL) entries for a Data Lake Analytics catalog.
GET https://{accountName}.{adlaCatalogDnsSuffix}/catalog/usql/acl?api-version=2016-11-01
To list the access control list (ACL) entries by database from a Data Lake Analytics catalog:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/datalakeanalytics/catalog/listaclsbydatabase
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/data-lake-storage-access-control