Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
1 answer
Synapse Spark notebooks not starting truly in parallel despite increased nodes
I am working with Azure Synapse Spark pools and need clarification on how parallel notebook execution is handled, particularly in relation to Spark application scheduling and resource allocation. Environment details Service: Azure Synapse Analytics…
Azure Synapse Analytics
asked 2026-04-21T19:17:53.6533333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(102.4, 82%, 19%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ES%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sharan
20
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-21T19:18:14.81+00:00
Q&A Assist
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Cost and Billing Model for Parallel Notebooks in Synapse Spark Autoscaling Clusters
I have a Synapse Spark pool with autoscaling between 3 and 15 nodes (small node size). Each node has around 4 vCores, so at max scale I have about 60 vCores available. Each notebook taking 12 vcores (I know this because initially nodes I set was 3-4 but…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Resource provisioning failed. Please check deployment status for more details in azure synapse
HI MS Team, I have checked this question https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/1538116/how-to-fix-resource-provisioning-failed-please-che and checked all the solutions. Even system assigned managed identity is set to ON and our resource is…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-21T09:47:10.1466667+00:00
Rajoli Hari Krishna
866
Reputation points
accepted 2026-04-21T16:58:43.11+00:00
Rajoli Hari Krishna
866
Reputation points
4 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Any recommendations about naming convention for an Azure resource
Is there any official guide for naming convention about the Azure resources?
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
Azure Data Factory
Azure Data Factory
An Azure service for ingesting, preparing, and transforming data at scale.
12,131 questions
asked 2024-06-05T17:30:30.2333333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(0, 64%, 10%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EW%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
WeirdMan
460
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-21T14:40:55.0666667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(316.8, 18%, 40%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESV%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sander Vanhoegaerden
0
Reputation points
1 answer
Cannot connect to Azure Synapse serverless db - Currently Unabailable
One of our business critical database is reporting the following error when connecting for over 2 hours: TITLE: Error Database 'xxxxxxx' on server 'xxxxxxxxxxxxx-ondemand.sql.azuresynapse.net' is not currently available. Please retry the connection…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-14T09:37:38.48+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(198.4, 49%, 29%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EW%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
WZIAFP
247
Reputation points
edited the question 2026-04-20T13:45:52.0666667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(12.8, 24%, 11%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EPP%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Pilladi Padma Sai Manisha
6,895
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
How to fix following Error: Query failed because of connection issues to control container or control container failure.
I have a Synapse Lake Database what has tables which were created on csv files stored in adls gen2, Everything has been working fine until now. Every time I execute a specific query in SSMS or SQL Query of Synapse I get the following error message:…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-11T15:56:31.3766667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(291.2, 7.000000000000001%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EHR%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Harinath Reddy A
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-17T03:33:07.8666667+00:00
Harinath Reddy A
0
Reputation points
1 answer
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Restoring a deleted Azure Synapse workspace
One of our Azure Synapse workspaces was deleted but we've recently discovered that we need to recover notebooks that were saved on that workspace. Is there a way to restore the workspace to recover the notebooks? The notebooks weren't checked into a…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-16T20:16:39.94+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(12.8, 59%, 11%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EKM%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Kurt Mar (NON EA SC ALT)
20
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
accepted 2026-04-16T23:50:10.67+00:00
Kurt Mar (NON EA SC ALT)
20
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
1 answer
Invalid Git configuration in Azure Synapse
Whenever I open the Azure Synapse, I'm getting the below popup saying Invalid Git config I've owner access to the Azure Git repo still cannot have the Git enabled here. It also says that I need to switch back to Git mode to make changes but Azure Git is…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2024-02-09T02:01:20.74+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(291.2, 94%, 38%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Sibi Kumar (INFOSYS LIMITED)
11
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
commented 2026-04-15T16:42:18.4333333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(268.8, 8%, 36%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EST%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Smaran Thoomu
34,960
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
SPark 3.5 int96 config
We understand that spark is setting int64 as defauult values for timestamp. however we need t use int96 as default for config. We came across spark docs and I tried the below configs to be set in spark pool, and added these configs also -…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-03T06:52:17.56+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(313.6, 9%, 40%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EPC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Preeti Choraria
0
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
edited a comment 2026-04-15T15:11:34.7266667+00:00
Smaran Thoomu
34,960
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
Unable to Connect to Public SFTP from Azure Synapse – Linked Service HMAC Error and Python Connection Timeout
Problem Statement We have a requirement to read and write data to a cloud/on‑prem SFTP server from Azure Synapse. The SFTP server (sftpssh.example.com) is a public SFTP server. We are using Azure Synapse with a Self‑Hosted Integration Runtime…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-10T12:56:44.5933333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(304, 70%, 39%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ESN%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Shubhangi Nannware
80
Reputation points
edited a comment 2026-04-15T06:53:06.9533333+00:00
Shubhangi Nannware
80
Reputation points
1 answer
Unable to access ADLS Gen2 through Spark while manually running a notebook in Synapse Analytics Studio
I'm trying to read a csv file from my ADLS container through Spark using a linked service but when I run my notebook I'm getting java.nio.file.AccessDeniedException: Operation failed: "This request is not authorized to perform this operation.",…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(265.6, 69%, 35%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EAR%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
1 answer
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Intermittent spark application stop processing data
We recently observed an issue where one of our Synapse Spark pipelines stopped processing data for approximately 2 hours and then recovered automatically without manual intervention, and without. During the incident, the same spark session was running…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-03T19:32:53.0766667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(80, 51%, 17%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ECH%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Christine Han
100
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
accepted 2026-04-09T06:43:34.18+00:00
Christine Han
100
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
2 answers
Connection getting failed from Azure synapse link with Qliksense Cloud
Hi Team, I am trying to create a connection From Azure synapse link with Qliksense cloud. Connection is getting failed with below error please check and suggest how to fix this issue. Regards, CRM I am new to azure, please suggest what all the changes…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-06T12:37:27.9966667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(60.8, 91%, 15%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EBC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Bias CRM
0
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-07T19:03:27.3566667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(16, 2%, 11%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EMK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Manoj Kumar Boyini
12,645
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
Synapse Worspace Connectivity Error.
I am getting this connectivity error in my Synapse Workspace "Code NetworkError Message Request failed due to network issues." I checked VNET configuration and VPN Connection. Everything seems to be in order. When I asked Copilot, I got the…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-01T08:58:35.66+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(73.60000000000001, 64%, 17%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ERS%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Rangarajan Subramani
90
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
recommended 2026-04-07T15:12:18.8+00:00
Amira Bedhiafi
41,376
Reputation points MVP
Volunteer Moderator
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Managed Identity & IMDS Connectivity Issue in Synapse Spark
I’m reaching out to provide context on a technical issue we are facing while using Azure OpenAI from Azure Synapse Spark, and to seek guidance from the community / experts on the correct and supported path to restore Managed Identity (MI)…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-03-24T19:03:58.2+00:00
Sindhumati Panigrahi
20
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
accepted 2026-04-07T09:44:20.08+00:00
Sindhumati Panigrahi
20
Reputation points Microsoft Employee
1 answer
Question re upgrade to MS Azure Synapse 3.5
Hi, I know that the support for 3.4 will end today, but I am wondering when the functionality will be ending- the notification just says 'After 31 March 2026 Azure Synapse Runtime for Apache Spark 3.4 might still be functional for some time however users…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-03-31T10:55:27.1466667+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(272, 71%, 36%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3ECB%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Ciara Barron (Housing)
0
Reputation points
edited an answer 2026-04-06T16:36:00.0733333+00:00
Smaran Thoomu
34,960
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
2 answers
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
Deactivate/activate synapse pool to clear the cache
I need to rotate a secret using "ALTER DATABASE SCOPED CREDENTIAL" on my Synapse serverless SQL database. I cannot run that; I get error code 33253 with message 'Failed to modify the identity field of the credential because the credential is…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-03-10T19:36:23.48+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(3.2, 49%, 10%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EKK%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Kenneth Kabiru
40
Reputation points
accepted 2026-04-06T14:32:43.59+00:00
Kenneth Kabiru
40
Reputation points
1 answer
One of the answers was accepted by the question author.
ReachedPerSubscriptionWorkspaceLimit
When I create a synapse workspace, I have this error: { "code": "DeploymentFailed", "target":…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2025-11-04T20:15:13.7033333+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(60.8, 30%, 15%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJB%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Julien Bernier-Haineault
20
Reputation points
commented 2026-04-04T10:01:13.21+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(83.2, 65%, 18%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EJN%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
János Lengyel
0
Reputation points
1 answer
UI Error: Sink Dataset Parameters disappearing in Synapse Copy Activity
Hi, I am experiencing a technical issue with the Azure Synapse Studio interface. When attempting to map a Pipeline Parameter to a Dataset Parameter within a Copy Activity, the UI fails to save the input. Observed Behavior: I navigate to the Sink tab of…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-02T12:22:21.49+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(243.2, 45%, 33%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EDC%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Diego Cazetta
0
Reputation points
answered 2026-04-03T07:55:51.4466667+00:00
Smaran Thoomu
34,960
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator
1 answer
ADF Script Activity fails with "Exception while reading from stream" after ~15 mins while Copy Activity on same IR works fine beyond 15 mins
Environment Azure Data Factory Self-Hosted Integration Runtime (4 nodes, all healthy/running) Linked Service: PostgreSQL Activity Type: Script Activity (calling a PostgreSQL function that refreshes materialized view) Problem Description A Script…
Azure Synapse Analytics
Azure Synapse Analytics
An Azure analytics service that brings together data integration, enterprise data warehousing, and big data analytics. Previously known as Azure SQL Data Warehouse.
5,615 questions
asked 2026-04-02T08:51:20.43+00:00
![](data:image/svg+xml, %3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' height='64' class='font-weight-bold' style='font: 600 30.11764705882353px "SegoeUI", Arial' width='64'%3E%3Ccircle fill='hsl(182.40000000000003, 11%, 27%)' cx='32' cy='32' r='32' /%3E%3Ctext x='50%25' y='55%25' dominant-baseline='middle' text-anchor='middle' fill='%23FFF' %3EYM%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E)
Yugandhar Mayekar
0
Reputation points
edited an answer 2026-04-03T07:49:03.2666667+00:00
Smaran Thoomu
34,960
Reputation points Microsoft External Staff
Moderator