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Create gRPC services and methods

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Note

This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

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This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see .NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

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This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.

By James Newton-King

This document explains how to create gRPC services and methods in C#. Topics include:

  • How to define services and methods in .proto files.
  • Generated code using gRPC C# tooling.
  • Implementing gRPC services and methods.

Create new gRPC services

gRPC services with C# introduced gRPC's contract-first approach to API development. Services and messages are defined in .proto files. C# tooling then generates code from .proto files. For server-side assets, an abstract base type is generated for each service, along with classes for any messages.

The following .proto file:

  • Defines a Greeter service.
  • The Greeter service defines a SayHello call.
  • SayHello sends a HelloRequest message and receives a HelloReply message
syntax = "proto3";

service Greeter {
  rpc SayHello (HelloRequest) returns (HelloReply);
}

message HelloRequest {
  string name = 1;
}

message HelloReply {
  string message = 1;
}

C# tooling generates the C# GreeterBase base type:

public abstract partial class GreeterBase
{
    public virtual Task<HelloReply> SayHello(HelloRequest request, ServerCallContext context)
    {
        throw new RpcException(new Status(StatusCode.Unimplemented, ""));
    }
}

public class HelloRequest
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

public class HelloReply
{
    public string Message { get; set; }
}

By default the generated GreeterBase doesn't do anything. Its virtual SayHello method will return an UNIMPLEMENTED error to any clients that call it. For the service to be useful an app must create a concrete implementation of GreeterBase:

public class GreeterService : GreeterBase
{
    public override Task<HelloReply> SayHello(HelloRequest request, ServerCallContext context)
    {
        return Task.FromResult(new HelloReply { Message = $"Hello {request.Name}" });
    }
}

The ServerCallContext gives the context for a server-side call.

The service implementation is registered with the app. If the service is hosted by ASP.NET Core gRPC, it should be added to the routing pipeline with the MapGrpcService method.

app.MapGrpcService<GreeterService>();

See gRPC services with ASP.NET Core for more information.

Implement gRPC methods

A gRPC service can have different types of methods. How messages are sent and received by a service depends on the type of method defined. The gRPC method types are:

  • Unary
  • Server streaming
  • Client streaming
  • Bi-directional streaming

Streaming calls are specified with the stream keyword in the .proto file. stream can be placed on a call's request message, response message, or both.

syntax = "proto3";

service ExampleService {
  // Unary
  rpc UnaryCall (ExampleRequest) returns (ExampleResponse);

  // Server streaming
  rpc StreamingFromServer (ExampleRequest) returns (stream ExampleResponse);

  // Client streaming
  rpc StreamingFromClient (stream ExampleRequest) returns (ExampleResponse);

  // Bi-directional streaming
  rpc StreamingBothWays (stream ExampleRequest) returns (stream ExampleResponse);
}

Each call type has a different method signature. Overriding generated methods from the abstract base service type in a concrete implementation ensures the correct arguments and return type are used.

Unary method

A unary method has the request message as a parameter, and returns the response. A unary call is complete when the response is returned.

public override Task<ExampleResponse> UnaryCall(ExampleRequest request,
    ServerCallContext context)
{
    var response = new ExampleResponse();
    return Task.FromResult(response);
}

Unary calls are the most similar to actions on web API controllers. One important difference gRPC methods have from actions is gRPC methods are not able to bind parts of a request to different method arguments. gRPC methods always have one message argument for the incoming request data. Multiple values can still be sent to a gRPC service by adding fields to the request message:

message ExampleRequest {
    int32 pageIndex = 1;
    int32 pageSize = 2;
    bool isDescending = 3;
}

Server streaming method

A server streaming method has the request message as a parameter. Because multiple messages can be streamed back to the caller, responseStream.WriteAsync is used to send response messages. A server streaming call is complete when the method returns.

public override async Task StreamingFromServer(ExampleRequest request,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)
    {
        await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
    }
}

The client has no way to send additional messages or data once the server streaming method has started. Some streaming methods are designed to run forever. For continuous streaming methods, a client can cancel the call when it's no longer needed. When cancellation happens the client sends a signal to the server and the ServerCallContext.CancellationToken is raised. The CancellationToken token should be used on the server with async methods so that:

  • Any asynchronous work is canceled together with the streaming call.
  • The method exits quickly.
public override async Task StreamingFromServer(ExampleRequest request,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    while (!context.CancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
    {
        await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), context.CancellationToken);
    }
}

Client streaming method

A client streaming method starts without the method receiving a message. The requestStream parameter is used to read messages from the client. A client streaming call is complete when a response message is returned:

public override async Task<ExampleResponse> StreamingFromClient(
    IAsyncStreamReader<ExampleRequest> requestStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    await foreach (var message in requestStream.ReadAllAsync())
    {
        // ...
    }
    return new ExampleResponse();
}

Bi-directional streaming method

A bi-directional streaming method starts without the method receiving a message. The requestStream parameter is used to read messages from the client. The method can choose to send messages with responseStream.WriteAsync. A bi-directional streaming call is complete when the method returns:

public override async Task StreamingBothWays(IAsyncStreamReader<ExampleRequest> requestStream,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    await foreach (var message in requestStream.ReadAllAsync())
    {
        await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
    }
}

The preceding code:

  • Sends a response for each request.
  • Is a basic usage of bi-directional streaming.

It is possible to support more complex scenarios, such as reading requests and sending responses simultaneously:

public override async Task StreamingBothWays(IAsyncStreamReader<ExampleRequest> requestStream,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    // Read requests in a background task.
    var readTask = Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        await foreach (var message in requestStream.ReadAllAsync())
        {
            // Process request.
        }
    });

    // Send responses until the client signals that it is complete.
    while (!readTask.IsCompleted)
    {
        await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
        await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), context.CancellationToken);
    }
}

In a bi-directional streaming method, the client and service can send messages to each other at any time. The best implementation of a bi-directional method varies depending upon requirements.

Access gRPC request headers

A request message is not the only way for a client to send data to a gRPC service. Header values are available in a service using ServerCallContext.RequestHeaders.

public override Task<ExampleResponse> UnaryCall(ExampleRequest request,
    ServerCallContext context)
{
    var userAgent = context.RequestHeaders.GetValue("user-agent");
    // ...

    return Task.FromResult(new ExampleResponse());
}

Multi-threading with gRPC streaming methods

There are important considerations to implementing gRPC streaming methods that use multiple threads.

Reader and writer thread safety

IAsyncStreamReader<TMessage> and IServerStreamWriter<TMessage> can each be used by only one thread at a time. For a streaming gRPC method, multiple threads can't read new messages with requestStream.MoveNext() simultaneously. And multiple threads can't write new messages with responseStream.WriteAsync(message) simultaneously.

A safe way to enable multiple threads to interact with a gRPC method is to use the producer-consumer pattern with System.Threading.Channels.

public override async Task DownloadResults(DataRequest request,
        IServerStreamWriter<DataResult> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    var channel = Channel.CreateBounded<DataResult>(new BoundedChannelOptions(capacity: 5));

    var consumerTask = Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        // Consume messages from channel and write to response stream.
        await foreach (var message in channel.Reader.ReadAllAsync())
        {
            await responseStream.WriteAsync(message);
        }
    });

    var dataChunks = request.Value.Chunk(size: 10);

    // Write messages to channel from multiple threads.
    await Task.WhenAll(dataChunks.Select(
        async c =>
        {
            var message = new DataResult { BytesProcessed = c.Length };
            await channel.Writer.WriteAsync(message);
        }));

    // Complete writing and wait for consumer to complete.
    channel.Writer.Complete();
    await consumerTask;
}

The preceding gRPC server streaming method:

  • Creates a bounded channel for producing and consuming DataResult messages.
  • Starts a task to read messages from the channel and write them to the response stream.
  • Writes messages to the channel from multiple threads.

Note

Bidirectional streaming methods take IAsyncStreamReader<TMessage> and IServerStreamWriter<TMessage> as arguments. It's safe to use these types on separate threads from each other.

Interacting with a gRPC method after a call ends

A gRPC call ends on the server once the gRPC method exits. The following arguments passed to gRPC methods aren't safe to use after the call has ended:

  • ServerCallContext
  • IAsyncStreamReader<TMessage>
  • IServerStreamWriter<TMessage>

If a gRPC method starts background tasks that use these types, it must complete the tasks before the gRPC method exits. Continuing to use the context, stream reader, or stream writer after the gRPC method exists causes errors and unpredictable behavior.

In the following example, the server streaming method could write to the response stream after the call has finished:

public override async Task StreamingFromServer(ExampleRequest request,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    _ = Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        {
            await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
        }
    });

    await PerformLongRunningWorkAsync();
}

For the previous example, the solution is to await the write task before exiting the method:

public override async Task StreamingFromServer(ExampleRequest request,
    IServerStreamWriter<ExampleResponse> responseStream, ServerCallContext context)
{
    var writeTask = Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)
        {
            await responseStream.WriteAsync(new ExampleResponse());
            await Task.Delay(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
        }
    });

    await PerformLongRunningWorkAsync();

    await writeTask;
}

Additional resources