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IoT Hub MQTT 5 support (deprecated)

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Version: 2.0 api-version: 2020-10-01-preview

This document defines IoT Hub data plane API over MQTT version 5.0 protocol. See API Reference for complete definitions in this API.

Note

MQTT 5 support in IoT Hub is deprecated and IoT Hub has limited feature support for MQTT. If your solution needs MQTT v3.1.1 or v5 support, we recommend MQTT support in Azure Event Grid. For more information, see Compare MQTT support in IoT Hub and Event Grid.

Prerequisites

  • Create a brand new IoT hub with preview mode enabled. MQTT 5 is only available in preview mode, and you can't switch an existing IoT hub to preview mode. For more information, see Enable preview mode
  • Prior knowledge of MQTT 5 specification.

Level of support and limitations

IoT Hub support for MQTT 5 is in preview and limited in following ways (communicated to client via CONNACK properties unless explicitly noted otherwise):

  • No official Azure IoT device SDKs support yet.
  • Subscription identifiers aren't supported.
  • Shared subscriptions aren't supported.
  • RETAIN isn't supported.
  • Maximum QoS is 1.
  • Maximum Packet Size is 256 KiB (subject to further restrictions per operation).
  • Assigned Client IDs aren't supported.
  • Keep Alive is limited to 19 min (max delay for liveness check – 28.5 min).
  • Topic Alias Maximum is 10.
  • Response Information isn't supported; CONNACK doesn't return Response Information property even if CONNECT contains Request Response Information property.
  • Receive Maximum (maximum number of allowed outstanding unacknowledged PUBLISH packets (in client-server direction) with QoS: 1) is 16.
  • Single client can have no more than 50 subscriptions. If a client reaches the subscription limit, SUBACK returns 0x97 (Quota exceeded) reason code for subscriptions.

Connection lifecycle

Connection

To connect a client to IoT Hub using this API, establish connection per MQTT 5 specification. Client must send CONNECT packet within 30 seconds following successful TLS handshake, or the server closes the connection. Here's an example of CONNECT packet:

-> CONNECT
    Protocol_Version: 5
    Clean_Start: 0
    Client_Id: D1
    Authentication_Method: SAS
    Authentication_Data: {SAS bytes}
    api-version: 2020-10-10
    host: abc.azure-devices.net
    sas-at: 1600987795320
    sas-expiry: 1600987195320
    client-agent: artisan;Linux
  • Authentication Method property is required and identifies which authentication method is used. For more information about authentication method, see Authentication.
  • Authentication Data property handling depends on Authentication Method. If Authentication Method is set to SAS, then Authentication Data is required and must contain valid signature. For more information about authentication data, see Authentication.
  • api-version property is required and must be set to API version value provided in this specification's header for this specification to apply.
  • host property defines host name of the tenant. It's required unless SNI extension was presented in Client Hello record during TLS handshake
  • sas-at defines time of connection.
  • sas-expiry defines expiration time for the provided SAS.
  • client-agent optionally communicates information about the client creating the connection.

Note

Authentication Method and other properties throughout the specification with capitalized names are first-class properties in MQTT 5 - they are described in details in MQTT 5 specification. api-version and other properties in dash case are user properties specific to IoT Hub API.

IoT Hub responds with CONNACK packet once it finishes with authentication and fetching data to support the connection. If connection is established successfully, CONNACK looks like:

<- CONNACK
    Session_Present: 1
    Reason_Code: 0x00
    Session_Expiry_Interval: 0xFFFFFFFF # included only if CONNECT specified value less than 0xFFFFFFFF and more than 0x00
    Receive_Maximum: 16
    Maximum_QoS: 1
    Retain_Available: 0
    Maximum_Packet_Size: 262144
    Topic_Alias_Maximum: 10
    Subscription_Identifiers_Available: 0
    Shared_Subscriptions_Available: 0
    Server_Keep_Alive: 1140 # included only if client did not specify Keep Alive or if it specified a bigger value

These CONNACK packet properties follow MQTT 5 specification. They reflect IoT Hub's capabilities.

Authentication

The Authentication Method property on CONNECT client defines what kind of authentication it uses for this connection:

  • SAS - Shared Access Signature is provided in CONNECT's Authentication Data property,
  • X509 - client relies on client certificate authentication.

Authentication fails if authentication method doesn't match the client's configured method in IoT Hub.

Note

This API requires Authentication Method property to be set in CONNECT packet. If Authentication Method property isn't provided, connection fails with Bad Request response.

Username/password authentication used in previous API versions isn't supported.

SAS

With SAS-based authentication, a client must provide the signature of the connection context. The signature proves authenticity of the MQTT connection. The signature must be based on one of two authentication keys in the client's configuration in IoT Hub. Or it must be based on one of two shared access keys of a shared access policy.

String to sign must be formed as follows:

{host name}\n
{Client Id}\n
{sas-policy}\n
{sas-at}\n
{sas-expiry}\n
  • host name is derived either from SNI extension (presented by client in Client Hello record during TLS handshake) or host user property in CONNECT packet.
  • Client Id is Client Identifier in CONNECT packet.
  • sas-policy - if present, defines IoT Hub access policy used for authentication. It's encoded as user property on CONNECT packet. Optional: omitting it means authentication settings in device registry are used instead.
  • sas-at - if present, specifies time of connection - current time. It's encoded as user property of time type on CONNECT packet.
  • sas-expiry defines expiration time for the authentication. It's a time-typed user property on CONNECT packet. This property is required.

For optional parameters, if omitted, empty string MUST be used instead in string to sign.

HMAC-SHA256 is used to hash the string based on one of device's symmetric keys. Hash value is then set as value of Authentication Data property.

X509

If Authentication Method property is set to X509, IoT Hub authenticates the connection based on the provided client certificate.

Reauthentication

If SAS-based authentication is used, we recommend using short-lived authentication tokens. To keep connection authenticated and prevent disconnection because of expiration, client must reauthenticate by sending AUTH packet with Reason Code: 0x19 (reauthentication):

-> AUTH
    Reason_Code: 0x19
    Authentication_Method: SAS
    Authentication_Data: {SAS bytes}
    sas-at: {current time}
    sas-expiry: {SAS expiry time}

Rules:

  • Authentication Method must be the same as the one used for initial authentication
  • if connection was originally authenticated using SAS based on Shared Access Policy, signature used in reauthentication must be based on the same policy.

If reauthentication succeeds, IoT Hub sends AUTH packet with Reason Code: 0x00 (success). Otherwise, IoT Hub sends DISCONNECT packet with Reason Code: 0x87 (Not authorized) and closes the connection.

Disconnection

Server can disconnect client for a few reasons, including:

  • client misbehaves in a way that is impossible to respond to with negative acknowledgment (or response) directly,
  • server fails to keep state of the connection up to date,
  • another client connects with the same identity.

Server may disconnect with any reason code defined in MQTT 5.0 specification. Notable mentions:

  • 135 (Not authorized) when reauthentication fails, current SAS token expires, or device's credentials change.
  • 142 (Session taken over) when new connection with the same client identity has been opened.
  • 159 (Connection rate exceeded) when connection rate for the IoT hub exceeds the limit.
  • 131 (Implementation-specific error) is used for any custom errors defined in this API. status and reason properties are used to communicate further details about the cause for disconnection (see Response for details).

Operations

All functionalities in this API are expressed as operations. Here's an example of Send Telemetry operation:

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 1
    Packet_Id: 3
    Topic: $iothub/telemetry
    Payload: Hello

<- PUBACK
    Packet_Id: 3
    Reason_Code: 0

For complete specification of operations in this API, see IoT Hub data plane MQTT 5 API reference.

Note

All the samples in this specification are shown from client's perspective. Sign -> means client sending packet, <- - receiving.

Message topics and subscriptions

Topics used in operations' messages in this API start with $iothub/. MQTT broker semantics don't apply to these operations (see "Topics beginning with $" for details). Topics starting with $iothub/ that aren't defined in this API aren't supported:

  • Sending messages to undefined topic results in Not Found response (see Response for details),
  • Subscribing to undefined topic results in SUBACK with Reason Code: 0x8F (Topic Filter Invalid).

Topic names and property names are case-sensitive and must be exact match. For example, $iothub/telemetry/ isn't supported while $iothub/telemetry is.

Note

Wildcards in subscriptions under $iothub/.. aren't supported. That is, a client can't subscribe to $iothub/+ or $iothub/#. Attempting to do so results in SUBACK with Reason Code: 0xA2 (Wildcard Subscriptions not supported). Only single-segment wildcards (+) are supported instead of path parameters in topic name for operations that have them.

Interaction types

All the operations in this API are based on one of two interaction types:

  • Message with optional acknowledgment (MessageAck)
  • Request-Response (ReqRep)

Operations also vary by direction (determined by direction of initial message in exchange):

  • Client-to-Server (c2s)
  • Server-to-Client (s2c)

For example, Send Telemetry is Client-to-Server operation of "Message with acknowledgment" type, while Handle Direct Method is Server-to-Client operation of Request-Response type.

Message-acknowledgement interactions

Message with optional Acknowledgment (MessageAck) interaction is expressed as an exchange of PUBLISH and PUBACK packets in MQTT. Acknowledgment is optional and sender can choose to not request it by sending PUBLISH packet with QoS: 0.

Note

If properties in PUBACK packet must be truncated due to Maximum Packet Size declared by the client, IoT Hub will retain as many User properties as it can fit within the given limit. User properties listed first have higher chance to be sent than those listed later; Reason String property has the least priority.

Example of simple MessageAck interaction

Message:

PUBLISH
    QoS: 1
    Packet_Id: 34
    Topic: $iothub/{request.path}
    Payload: <any>

Acknowledgment (success):

PUBACK
    Packet_Id: 34
    Reason_Code: 0

Request-Response Interactions

In Request-Response (ReqRep) interactions, both Request and Response translate into PUBLISH packets with QoS: 0.

Correlation Data property must be set in both and is used to match Response packet to Request packet.

This API uses single response topic $iothub/responses for all ReqRep operations. Subscribing to / unsubscribing from this topic for client-to-server operations isn't required - server assumes all clients to be subscribed.

Example of simple ReqRep interaction

Request:

PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/{request.path}
    Correlation_Data: 0x01 0xFA
    Payload: ...

Response (success):

PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: 0x01 0xFA
    Payload: ...

ReqRep interactions don't support PUBLISH packets with QoS: 1 as request or response messages. Sending Request PUBLISH results in Bad Request response.

Maximum length supported in Correlation Data property is 16 bytes. If Correlation Data property on PUBLISH packet is set to a value longer than 16 bytes, IoT Hub sends DISCONNECT with Bad Request outcome, and closes the connection. This behavior only applies to packets exchanged within this API.

Note

Correlation Data is an arbitrary byte sequence, e.g. it isn't guaranteed to be UTF-8 string.

ReqRep use predefined topics for response; Response Topic property in Request PUBLISH packet (if set by the sender) is ignored.

IoT Hub automatically subscribes client to response topics for all client-to-server ReqRep operations. Even if client explicitly unsubscribes from response topic, IoT Hub reinstates the subscription automatically. For server-to-client ReqRep interactions, it's still necessary for device to subscribe.

Message Properties

Operation properties - system or user-defined - are expressed as packet properties in MQTT 5.

User property names are case-sensitive and must be spelled exactly as defined. For example, Trace-ID isn't supported while trace-id is.

Requests with User properties outside specification and without prefix @ result in error.

System properties are encoded either as first class properties (for example, Content Type) or as User properties. Specification provides exhaustive list of supported system properties. All first class properties are ignored unless support for them is explicitly stated in the specification.

Where user-defined properties are allowed, their names must follow the format @{property name}. User-defined properties only support valid UTF-8 string values. for example, MyProperty1 property with value 15 must be encoded as User property with name @MyProperty and value 15.

If IoT Hub doesn't recognize User property, it's considered an error, and IoT Hub responds with PUBACK with Reason Code: 0x83 (Implementation-specific error) and status: 0100 (Bad Request). If acknowledgment wasn't requested (QoS: 0), DISCONNECT packet with the same error is sent back and connection is terminated.

This API defines following data types besides string:

  • time: number of milliseconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z. for example, 1600987195320 for 2020-09-24T22:39:55.320Z,
  • u32: unsigned 32-bit integer number,
  • u64: unsigned 64-bit integer number,
  • i32: signed 32-bit integer number.

Response

Interactions can result in different outcomes: Success, Bad Request, Not Found, and others. Outcomes are distinguished from each other by status user property. Reason Code in PUBACK packets (for MessageAck interactions) matches status in meaning where possible.

Note

If client specifies Request Problem Information: 0 in CONNECT packet, no user properties will be sent on PUBACK packets to comply with MQTT 5 specification, including status property. In this case, client can still rely on Reason Code to determine whether acknowledge is positive or negative.

Every interaction has a default (or success). It has Reason Code of 0 and status property of "not set". Otherwise:

  • For MessageAck interactions, PUBACK gets Reason Code other than 0x0 (Success). status property may be present to further clarify the outcome.
  • For ReqRep interactions, Response PUBLISH gets status property set.
  • Since there's no way to respond to MessageAck interactions with QoS: 0 directly, DISCONNECT packet is sent instead with response information, followed by disconnect.

Examples:

Bad Request (MessageAck):

PUBACK
    Reason_Code: 131
    status: 0100
    reason: Unknown property `test`

Not Authorized (MessageAck):

PUBACK
    Reason_Code: 135
    status: 0101

Not Authorized (ReqRep):

PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: ...
    status: 0101

When needed, IoT Hub sets the following user properties:

  • status - IoT Hub's extended code for operation's status. This code can be used to differentiate outcomes.
  • trace-id – trace ID for the operation; IoT Hub may keep more diagnostics concerning the operation that could be used for internal investigation.
  • reason - human-readable message providing further information on why operation ended up in a state indicated by status property.

Note

If client sets Maximum Packet Size property in CONNECT packet to a very small value, not all user properties may fit and would not appear in the packet.

reason is meant only for people and should not be used in client logic. This API allows for messages to be changed at any point without warning or change of version.

If client sends RequestProblemInformation: 0 in CONNECT packet, user properties won't be included in acknowledgements per MQTT 5 specification.

Status code

status property carries status code for operation. It's optimized for machine reading efficiency. It consists of two-byte unsigned integer encoded as hex in string like 0501. Code structure (bit map):

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 | 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 R T T | C C C C C C C C

First byte is used for flags:

  • bits 0 and 1 indicate type of outcomes:
    • 00 - success
    • 01 - client error
    • 10 - server error
  • bit 2: 1 indicates error is retryable
  • bits 3 through 7 are reserved and must be set to 0

Second byte contains actual distinct response code. Error codes with different flags can have the same second byte value. For example, there can be 0001, 0101, 0201, 0301 error codes having distinct meaning.

For example, Too Many Requests is a client, retryable error with own code of 1. Its value is 0000 0101 0000 0001 or 0x0501.

Clients may use type bits to identify whether operation concluded successfully. Clients may also use retryable bit to decide whether it's sensible to retry operation.

Recommendations

Session management

CONNACK packet carries Session Present property to indicate whether server restored previously created session. Use this property to figure out whether to subscribe to topics or skip subscribing since subscription was done earlier.

To rely on Session Present, client must keep track of subscriptions it's made (that is, sent SUBSCRIBE packet and received SUBACK with successful reason code), or make sure to subscribe to all topics in a single SUBSCRIBE/SUBACK exchange. Otherwise, if client sends two SUBSCRIBE packets, and the server processes only one of them successfully, the server communicates Session Present: 1 in CONNACK while having only part of client's subscriptions accepted.

To prevent the case where an older version of client didn't subscribe to all the topics, it's better to subscribe unconditionally when client behavior changes (for example, as part of firmware update). Also, to ensure no stale subscriptions are left behind (taking from maximum allowed number of subscriptions), explicitly unsubscribe from subscriptions that are no longer in use.

Batching

There's no special format to send a batch of messages. To reduce overhead of resource-intensive operations in TLS and networking, bundle packets (PUBLISH, PUBACK, SUBSCRIBE, and so no) together before handing them over to underlying TLS/TCP stack. Also, client can make topic alias easier within the "batch":

  • Put complete topic name in the first PUBLISH packet for the connection and associate topic alias with it,
  • Put following packets for the same topic with empty topic name and topic alias property.

Migration

This section lists the changes in the API compared to previous MQTT support.

  • Transport protocol is MQTT 5. Previously - MQTT 3.1.1.
  • Context information for SAS Authentication is contained in CONNECT packet directly instead of being encoded along with signature.
  • Authentication Method is used to indicate authentication method used.
  • Shared Access Signature is put in Authentication Data property. Previously Password field was used.
  • Topics for operations are different:
    • Telemetry: $iothub/telemetry instead of devices/{Client Id}/messages/events,
    • Commands: $iothub/commands instead of devices/{Client Id}/messages/devicebound,
    • Patch Twin Reported: $iothub/twin/patch/reported instead of $iothub/twin/PATCH/properties/reported,
    • Notify Twin Desired State Changed: $iothub/twin/patch/desired instead of $iothub/twin/PATCH/properties/desired.
  • Subscription for client-server request-response operations' response topic isn't required.
  • User properties are used instead of encoding properties in topic name segment.
  • property names are spelled in "dash-case" naming convention instead of abbreviations with special prefix. User-defined properties now require prefix instead. For instance, $.mid is now message-id, while myProperty1 becomes @myProperty1.
  • Correlation Data property is used to correlate request and response messages for request-response operations instead of $rid property encoded in topic.
  • iothub-connection-auth-method property is no longer stamped on telemetry events.
  • C2D commands aren't purged in absence of subscription from device. They remain queued up until device subscribes or they expire.

Examples

Send telemetry

Message:

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 1
    Packet_Id: 31
    Topic: $iothub/telemetry
    @myProperty1: My String Value # optional
    creation-time: 1600987195320 # optional
    @ No_Rules-ForUser-PROPERTIES: Any UTF-8 string value # optional
    Payload: <data>

Acknowledgment:

<- PUBACK
    Packet_Id: 31
    Reason_Code: 0

Alternative acknowledgment (throttled):

<- PUBACK
    Packet_Id: 31
    Reason_Code: 151
    status: 0501

Send get twin's state

Request:

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/twin/get
    Correlation_Data: 0x01 0xFA
    Payload: <empty>

Response (success):

<- PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: 0x01 0xFA
    Payload: <twin/desired state>

Response (not allowed):

<- PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: 0x01 0xFA
    status: 0102
    reason: Operation not allowed for `B2` SKU
    Payload: <empty>

Handle direct method call

Request:

<- PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/methods/abc
    Correlation_Data: 0x0A 0x10
    Payload: <data>

Response (success):

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: 0x0A 0x10
    response-code: 200 # user defined response code
    Payload: <data>

Note

status isn't set - it's a success response.

Device Unavailable Response:

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/responses
    Correlation_Data: 0x0A 0x10
    status: 0603

Error while using QoS 0, part 1

Request:

-> PUBLISH
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/twin/gett # misspelled topic name - server won't recognize it as Request-Response interaction
    Correlation_Data: 0x0A 0x10
    Payload: <data>

Response:

<- DISCONNECT
    Reason_Code: 144
    reason: "Unsupported topic: `$iothub/twin/gett`"

Error while using QoS 0, part 2

Request:

-> PUBLISH # missing Correlation Data
    QoS: 0
    Topic: $iothub/twin/get
    Payload: <data>

Response:

<- DISCONNECT
    Reason_Code: 131
    status: 0100
    reason: "`Correlation Data` property is missing"

Next steps