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Gewusst wie: Zugriffs-Ereignisse Schnittstellen

In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt, wie eine Schnittstelle, die ein Ereignis und eine Funktion deklariert, um dieses Ereignis aufzurufen, und die Klasse und der Ereignishandler verwendet, die die Schnittstelle implementieren.

Schnittstellenereignisse

Im folgenden Codebeispiel wird ein Ereignishandler aufgerufen wird, hinzu, Ereignis-das den Ereignishandler wird, seinen Namen zu schreiben Konsole- und den Ereignishandler entfernt.

// mcppv2_events2.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;

delegate void Del(int, float);

// interface that has an event and a function to invoke the event
interface struct I {
public:
   event Del ^ E;
   void fire(int, float);   
};

// class that implements the interface event and function
ref class EventSource: public I {
public:
   virtual event Del^ E;
   virtual void fire(int i, float f) {
      E(i, f);
   }
};

// class that defines the event handler
ref class EventReceiver {
public:
   void Handler(int i , float f) {
      Console::WriteLine("EventReceiver::Handler");
   }
};

int main () {
   I^ es = gcnew EventSource();
   EventReceiver^ er = gcnew EventReceiver();

   // hook the handler to the event
   es->E += gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::Handler);

   // call the event
   es -> fire(1, 3.14);

   // unhook the handler from the event
   es->E -= gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::Handler);
}

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Benutzerdefinierte Accessormethoden

Das folgende Beispiel zeigt, wie das Verhalten eines Ereignisses definiert, wenn Handler hinzugefügt oder entfernt werden und wenn ein Ereignis ausgelöst wird.

// mcppv2_events6.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;

public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);

ref class EventSource {
public:
   MyDel ^ pE;
   MyDel2 ^ pE2;

   event MyDel^ E {
      void add(MyDel^ p) {
         pE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(pE, p)); 
         // cannot refer directly to the event
         // E = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(pE, p));   // error
      }

      void remove(MyDel^ p) {
         pE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Remove(pE, p));
      }

      void raise() {
         if (pE != nullptr)
            pE->Invoke();
      }
   }  // E event block
   
   event MyDel2^ E2 {
      void add(MyDel2^ p2) {
         pE2 = static_cast<MyDel2^> (Delegate::Combine(pE2, p2)); 
      }

      void remove(MyDel2^ p2) {
         pE2 = static_cast<MyDel2^> (Delegate::Remove(pE2, p2));
      }

      int raise(int i, float f) {
         if (pE2 != nullptr) {
            return pE2->Invoke(i, f);
         }
         return 1;
      }
   } // E2 event block
};

public ref struct EventReceiver {
   void H1() {
      Console::WriteLine("In event handler H1");
   }

   int H2(int i, float f) {
      Console::WriteLine("In event handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
      return 0;
   }
};

int main() {
   EventSource ^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
   EventReceiver ^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;

   // hook event handlers
   pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events
   pE->E();
   pE->E2::raise(1, 2.2);   // call event through scope path

   // unhook event handlers
   pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events, but no handlers
   pE->E();
   pE->E2::raise(1, 2.5);
}

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Überschreiben Sie oben gezeigt hinzufügen, entfernen und die Kultur Accessoren

Dieses Beispiel zeigt, wie den Standardzugriff auf dem " überschreibt, Entfernen und Ereignismethoden auslöst:

// mcppv2_events3.cpp
// compile with: /clr
public delegate void f(int);

public ref struct E {
   f ^ _E;
public:
   void handler(int i) {
      System::Console::WriteLine(i);
   }

   E() {
      _E = nullptr;
   }

   event f^ Event {
      void add(f ^ d) {
         _E += d;
      }
   private:
      void remove(f ^ d) {
        _E -= d;
      }

   protected:
      void raise(int i) {
         if (_E) {
            _E->Invoke(i);
         }
      }
   }

   // a member function to access all event methods
   static void Go() {
      E^ pE = gcnew E;
      pE->Event += gcnew f(pE, &E::handler);
      pE->Event(17);   // prints 17
      pE->Event -= gcnew f(pE, &E::handler);
      pE->Event(17);   // no output
   }
};

int main() {
   E::Go();
}

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Mehrere Ereignishandler

Ein oder beliebigen anderen Ereignisempfänger Clientcode, können ein oder mehrere Handler einem Ereignis hinzufügen.

// mcppv2_events4.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;
#include <stdio.h>

delegate void ClickEventHandler(int, double);
delegate void DblClickEventHandler(String^);

ref class EventSource {
public:
   event ClickEventHandler^ OnClick;
   event DblClickEventHandler^ OnDblClick;

   void FireEvents() {
      OnClick(7, 3.14159);
      OnDblClick("Started");
   }
};

ref struct EventReceiver {
public:
   void Handler1(int x, double y) {
      System::Console::Write("Click(x={0},y={1})\n", x, y);
   };

   void Handler2(String^ s) {
      System::Console::Write("DblClick(s={0})\n", s);
   }

   void Handler3(String^ s) {
      System::Console::WriteLine("DblClickAgain(s={0})\n", s);
   }

   void AddHandlers(EventSource^ pES) {
      pES->OnClick += 
         gcnew ClickEventHandler(this,&EventReceiver::Handler1);
      pES->OnDblClick += 
         gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this,&EventReceiver::Handler2);
      pES->OnDblClick += 
         gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler3);
   }

   void RemoveHandlers(EventSource^ pES) {
      pES->OnClick -= 
         gcnew ClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler1);
      pES->OnDblClick -= 
         gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler2);
      pES->OnDblClick -= 
         gcnew DblClickEventHandler(this, &EventReceiver::Handler3);
   }
};

int main() {
   EventSource^ pES = gcnew EventSource;
   EventReceiver^ pER = gcnew EventReceiver;

   // add handlers
   pER->AddHandlers(pES);
   
   pES->FireEvents();

   // remove handlers
   pER->RemoveHandlers(pES);
}

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Statische Ereignisse

Das folgende Beispiel zeigt, wie statische Ereignisse definiert und verwendet.

// mcppv2_events7.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;

public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);

ref class EventSource {
public:
   static MyDel ^ psE;
   static event MyDel2 ^ E2;   // event keyword, compiler generates add, 
                               // remove, and Invoke

   static event MyDel ^ E {
      static void add(MyDel ^ p) {
         psE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Combine(psE, p));
      }

      static void remove(MyDel^ p) {
         psE = static_cast<MyDel^> (Delegate::Remove(psE, p));
      }

      static void raise() {
         if (psE != nullptr)   //psE!=0 -> C2679, use nullptr
            psE->Invoke(); 
      }
   }

   static int Fire_E2(int i, float f) {
      return E2(i, f);
   }
};

public ref struct EventReceiver {
   void H1() {
      Console::WriteLine("In event handler H1");
   }

   int H2(int i, float f) {
      Console::WriteLine("In event handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
      return 0;
   }
};

int main() {
   EventSource^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
   EventReceiver^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;
   
   // Called with "this"
   // hook event handlers
   pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events
   pE->E();
   pE->Fire_E2(11, 11.11);

   // unhook event handlers
   pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // Not called with "this"
   // hook event handler
   EventSource::E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   EventSource::E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events
   EventSource::E();
   EventSource::Fire_E2(22, 22.22);

   // unhook event handlers
   EventSource::E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   EventSource::E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);
}

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Virtuelle Ereignisse

Dieses Beispiel implementiert die virtuellen, verwalteten Ereignisse in einer Schnittstelle und Klasse:

// mcppv2_events5.cpp
// compile with: /clr
using namespace System;

public delegate void MyDel();
public delegate int MyDel2(int, float);

// managed class that has a virtual event
ref class IEFace {
public:
   virtual event MyDel ^ E;   // declares three accessors (add, remove, and raise)
};

// managed interface that has a virtual event
public interface struct IEFace2 {
public:
   event MyDel2 ^ E2;   // declares two accessors (add and remove)
};

// implement virtual events
ref class EventSource : public IEFace, public IEFace2 {
public:
   virtual event MyDel2 ^ E2;

   void Fire_E() {
      E();
   }

   int Fire_E2(int i, float f) {
      try {
         return E2(i, f);
      }
      catch(System::NullReferenceException^) {
         return 0;   // no handlers
      }
   }
};

// class to hold event handlers, the event receiver
public ref struct EventReceiver {
   // first handler
   void H1() {
      Console::WriteLine("In handler H1");
   }

   // second handler
   int H2(int i, float f) {
      Console::WriteLine("In handler H2 with args {0} and {1}", i.ToString(), f.ToString());
      return 0;
   }
};

int main() {
   EventSource ^ pE = gcnew EventSource;
   EventReceiver ^ pR = gcnew EventReceiver;

   // add event handlers
   pE->E += gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 += gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events
   pE->Fire_E();
   pE->Fire_E2(1, 2.2);

   // remove event handlers
   pE->E -= gcnew MyDel(pR, &EventReceiver::H1);
   pE->E2 -= gcnew MyDel2(pR, &EventReceiver::H2);

   // raise events, but no handlers; so, no effect
   pE->Fire_E();
   pE->Fire_E2(1, 2.5);
}

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Ein einfaches Ereignis kann nicht angegeben werden, um ein Basisklassenereignis zu überschreiben oder auszublenden. Sie müssen Accessorfunktionen alles Ereignisses definieren und dann den new oder override-Schlüsselwort in jeder Accessorfunktion an.

// mcppv2_events5_a.cpp
// compile with: /clr /c
delegate void Del();

ref struct A {
   virtual event Del ^E;
   virtual event Del ^E2;
};

ref struct B : A {
   virtual event Del ^E override;   // C3797
   virtual event Del ^E2 new;   // C3797
};

ref struct C : B {
   virtual event Del ^E {   // OK
      void raise() override {}
      void add(Del ^) override {}
      void remove(Del^) override {}
   }

   virtual event Del ^E2 {   // OK
      void raise() new {}
      void add(Del ^) new {}
      void remove(Del^) new {}
   }
};

Abstrakte Ereignisse

Das folgende Beispiel zeigt, wie ein abstraktes Ereignis implementiert.

// mcppv2_events10.cpp
// compile with: /clr /W1
using namespace System;
public delegate void Del();
public delegate void Del2(String^ s);

interface struct IEvent {
public:
   // in this case, no raised method is defined
   event Del^ Event1;

   event Del2^ Event2 {
   public:
      void add(Del2^ _d);
      void remove(Del2^ _d);
      void raise(String^ s);
   }

   void fire();
};

ref class EventSource: public IEvent {
public:
   virtual event Del^ Event1;
   event Del2^ Event2 {
      virtual void add(Del2^ _d) {
         d = safe_cast<Del2^>(System::Delegate::Combine(d, _d));
      }

      virtual void remove(Del2^ _d) {
         d = safe_cast<Del2^>(System::Delegate::Remove(d, _d));
      }

      virtual void raise(String^ s) {
         if (d) {
            d->Invoke(s);
         }
      }
   }

   virtual void fire() {
      return Event1();
   }

private:
   Del2^ d;
};

ref class EventReceiver {
public:
   void func() {
      Console::WriteLine("hi");
   }

   void func(String^ str) {
      Console::WriteLine(str);
   }
};

int main () {
   IEvent^ es = gcnew EventSource;
   EventReceiver^ er = gcnew EventReceiver;
   es->Event1 += gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::func);
   es->Event2 += gcnew Del2(er, &EventReceiver::func);
   
   es->fire();
   es->Event2("hello from Event2");
   es->Event1 -= gcnew Del(er, &EventReceiver::func);
   es->Event2 -= gcnew Del2(er, &EventReceiver::func);
   es->Event2("hello from Event2");
}

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Ereignisse auslösen, die in einer anderen Assembly definiert werden

Ein Ereignis und ein Ereignishandler können in einer Assembly definiert werden, und von einer anderen Assembly verwendet werden.

// mcppv2_events8.cpp
// compile with: /LD /clr
using namespace System;

public delegate void Del(String^ s);

public ref class Source {
public:
   event Del^ Event;
   void Fire(String^ s) {
      Event(s);
   }
};

Dieser Clientcode nutzt das Ereignis:

// mcppv2_events9.cpp
// compile with: /clr
#using "mcppv2_events8.dll"
using namespace System;

ref class Receiver {
public:
   void Handler(String^ s) {
      Console::WriteLine(s);
   }
};

int main() {
   Source^ src = gcnew Source;
   Receiver^ rc1 = gcnew Receiver;
   Receiver^ rc2 = gcnew Receiver;
   src -> Event += gcnew Del(rc1, &Receiver::Handler);
   src -> Event += gcnew Del(rc2, &Receiver::Handler);
   src->Fire("hello");
   src -> Event -= gcnew Del(rc1, &Receiver::Handler);
   src -> Event -= gcnew Del(rc2, &Receiver::Handler);
}

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Siehe auch

Referenz

event (Komponentenerweiterungen für C++)