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Using the elastic database client library with Dapper

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Applies to: Azure SQL Database

This document is for developers that rely on Dapper to build applications, but also want to embrace elastic database tooling to create applications that implement sharding to scale out their data tier. This document illustrates the changes in Dapper-based applications that are necessary to integrate with elastic database tools. Our focus is on composing the elastic database shard management and data-dependent routing with Dapper.

Sample Code: Elastic database tools for Azure SQL Database - Dapper integration.

Integrating Dapper and DapperExtensions with the elastic database client library for Azure SQL Database is easy. Your applications can use data-dependent routing by changing the creation and opening of new SqlConnection objects to use the OpenConnectionForKey call from the client library. This limits changes in your application to only where new connections are created and opened.

Dapper overview

Dapper is an object-relational mapper. It maps .NET objects from your application to a relational database (and vice versa). The first part of the sample code illustrates how you can integrate the elastic database client library with Dapper-based applications. The second part of the sample code illustrates how to integrate when using both Dapper and DapperExtensions.

The mapper functionality in Dapper provides extension methods on database connections that simplify submitting T-SQL statements for execution or querying the database. For instance, Dapper makes it easy to map between your .NET objects and the parameters of SQL statements for Execute calls, or to consume the results of your SQL queries into .NET objects using Query calls from Dapper.

When using DapperExtensions, you no longer need to provide the SQL statements. Extensions methods such as GetList or Insert over the database connection create the SQL statements behind the scenes.

Another benefit of Dapper and also DapperExtensions is that the application controls the creation of the database connection. This helps interact with the elastic database client library which brokers database connections based on the mapping of shardlets to databases.

To get the Dapper assemblies, see Dapper dot net. For the Dapper extensions, see DapperExtensions.

A quick look at the elastic database client library

With the elastic database client library, you define partitions of your application data called shardlets, map them to databases, and identify them by sharding keys. You can have as many databases as you need and distribute your shardlets across these databases. The mapping of sharding key values to the databases is stored by a shard map provided by the library's APIs. This capability is called shard map management. The shard map also serves as the broker of database connections for requests that carry a sharding key. This capability is referred to as data-dependent routing.

Shard maps and data-dependent routing

The shard map manager protects users from inconsistent views into shardlet data that can occur when concurrent shardlet management operations are happening on the databases. To do so, the shard maps broker the database connections for an application built with the library. When shard management operations could impact the shardlet, this allows the shard map functionality to automatically kill a database connection.

Instead of using the traditional way to create connections for Dapper, you need to use the OpenConnectionForKey method. This ensures that all the validation takes place and connections are managed properly when any data moves between shards.

Requirements for Dapper integration

When working with both the elastic database client library and the Dapper APIs, you want to retain the following properties:

  • Scale out: We want to add or remove databases from the data tier of the sharded application as necessary for the capacity demands of the application.
  • Consistency: Since the application is scaled out using sharding, you need to perform data-dependent routing. We want to use the data-dependent routing capabilities of the library to do so. In particular, you want to retain the validation and consistency guarantees provided by connections that are brokered through the shard map manager in order to avoid corruption or wrong query results. This ensures that connections to a given shardlet are rejected or stopped if (for instance) the shardlet is currently moved to a different shard using Split/Merge APIs.
  • Object Mapping: We want to retain the convenience of the mappings provided by Dapper to translate between classes in the application and the underlying database structures.

The following section provides guidance for these requirements for applications based on Dapper and DapperExtensions.

Technical guidance

Data-dependent routing with Dapper

With Dapper, the application is typically responsible for creating and opening the connections to the underlying database. Given a type T by the application, Dapper returns query results as .NET collections of type T. Dapper performs the mapping from the T-SQL result rows to the objects of type T. Similarly, Dapper maps .NET objects into SQL values or parameters for data manipulation language (DML) statements. Dapper offers this functionality via extension methods on the regular SqlConnection object from the ADO .NET SQL Client libraries. The SQL connection returned by the Elastic Scale APIs for DDR are also regular SqlConnection objects. This allows us to directly use Dapper extensions over the type returned by the client library's DDR API, as it is also a simple SQL Client connection.

These observations make it straightforward to use connections brokered by the elastic database client library for Dapper.

This code example (from the accompanying sample) illustrates the approach where the sharding key is provided by the application to the library to broker the connection to the right shard.

    using (SqlConnection sqlconn = shardingLayer.ShardMap.OpenConnectionForKey(
                     key: tenantId1,
                     connectionString: connStrBldr.ConnectionString,
                     options: ConnectionOptions.Validate))
    {
        var blog = new Blog { Name = name };
        sqlconn.Execute(@"
                      INSERT INTO
                            Blog (Name)
                            VALUES (@name)", new { name = blog.Name }
                        );
    }

The call to the OpenConnectionForKey API replaces the default creation and opening of a SQL Client connection. The OpenConnectionForKey call takes the arguments that are required for data-dependent routing:

  • The shard map to access the data-dependent routing interfaces
  • The sharding key to identify the shardlet
  • The credentials (user name and password) to connect to the shard

The shard map object creates a connection to the shard that holds the shardlet for the given sharding key. The elastic database client APIs also tag the connection to implement its consistency guarantees. Since the call to OpenConnectionForKey returns a regular SQL Client connection object, the subsequent call to the Execute extension method from Dapper follows the standard Dapper practice.

Queries work very much the same way - you first open the connection using OpenConnectionForKey from the client API. Then you use the regular Dapper extension methods to map the results of your SQL query into .NET objects:

    using (SqlConnection sqlconn = shardingLayer.ShardMap.OpenConnectionForKey(
                    key: tenantId1,
                    connectionString: connStrBldr.ConnectionString,
                    options: ConnectionOptions.Validate ))
    {
           // Display all Blogs for tenant 1
           IEnumerable<Blog> result = sqlconn.Query<Blog>(@"
                                SELECT *
                                FROM Blog
                                ORDER BY Name");

           Console.WriteLine("All blogs for tenant id {0}:", tenantId1);
           foreach (var item in result)
           {
                Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
            }
    }

Note that the using block with the DDR connection scopes all database operations within the block to the one shard where tenantId1 is kept. The query only returns blogs stored on the current shard, but not the ones stored on any other shards.

Data-dependent routing with Dapper and DapperExtensions

Dapper comes with an ecosystem of additional extensions that can provide further convenience and abstraction from the database when developing database applications. DapperExtensions is an example.

Using DapperExtensions in your application does not change how database connections are created and managed. It is still the application's responsibility to open connections, and regular SQL Client connection objects are expected by the extension methods. We can rely on the OpenConnectionForKey as outlined above. As the following code samples show, the only change is that you no longer have to write the T-SQL statements:

    using (SqlConnection sqlconn = shardingLayer.ShardMap.OpenConnectionForKey(
                    key: tenantId2,
                    connectionString: connStrBldr.ConnectionString,
                    options: ConnectionOptions.Validate))
    {
           var blog = new Blog { Name = name2 };
           sqlconn.Insert(blog);
    }

And here is the code sample for the query:

    using (SqlConnection sqlconn = shardingLayer.ShardMap.OpenConnectionForKey(
                    key: tenantId2,
                    connectionString: connStrBldr.ConnectionString,
                    options: ConnectionOptions.Validate))
    {
           // Display all Blogs for tenant 2
           IEnumerable<Blog> result = sqlconn.GetList<Blog>();
           Console.WriteLine("All blogs for tenant id {0}:", tenantId2);
           foreach (var item in result)
           {
               Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
           }
    }

Handling transient faults

The Microsoft Patterns & Practices team published the Transient Fault Handling Application Block to help application developers mitigate common transient fault conditions encountered when running in the cloud. For more information, see Perseverance, Secret of All Triumphs: Using the Transient Fault Handling Application Block.

The code sample relies on the transient fault library to protect against transient faults.

    SqlDatabaseUtils.SqlRetryPolicy.ExecuteAction(() =>
    {
       using (SqlConnection sqlconn =
          shardingLayer.ShardMap.OpenConnectionForKey(tenantId2, connStrBldr.ConnectionString, ConnectionOptions.Validate))
          {
              var blog = new Blog { Name = name2 };
              sqlconn.Insert(blog);
          }
    });

SqlDatabaseUtils.SqlRetryPolicy in the code above is defined as a SqlDatabaseTransientErrorDetectionStrategy with a retry count of 10, and 5 seconds wait time between retries. If you are using transactions, make sure that your retry scope goes back to the beginning of the transaction in the case of a transient fault.

Limitations

The approaches outlined in this document entail a couple of limitations:

  • The sample code for this document does not demonstrate how to manage schema across shards.
  • Given a request, we assume that all its database processing is contained within a single shard as identified by the sharding key provided by the request. However, this assumption does not always hold, for example, when it is not possible to make a sharding key available. To address this, the elastic database client library includes the MultiShardQuery class. The class implements a connection abstraction for querying over several shards. Using MultiShardQuery in combination with Dapper is beyond the scope of this document.

Conclusion

Applications using Dapper and DapperExtensions can easily benefit from elastic database tools for Azure SQL Database. Through the steps outlined in this document, those applications can use the tool's capability for data-dependent routing by changing the creation and opening of new SqlConnection objects to use the OpenConnectionForKey call of the elastic database client library. This limits the application changes required to those places where new connections are created and opened.

Related content

Not using elastic database tools yet? Check out our Getting Started Guide. For questions, contact us on the Microsoft Q&A question page for SQL Database and for feature requests, add new ideas or vote for existing ideas in the SQL Database feedback forum.