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Develop your own IoT Edge modules

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Applies to: IoT Edge 1.5 checkmark IoT Edge 1.5 IoT Edge 1.4 checkmark IoT Edge 1.4

Important

IoT Edge 1.5 LTS and IoT Edge 1.4 LTS are supported releases. IoT Edge 1.4 LTS is end of life on November 12, 2024. If you are on an earlier release, see Update IoT Edge.

Azure IoT Edge modules can connect with other Azure services and contribute to your larger cloud data pipeline. This article describes how you can develop modules to communicate with the IoT Edge runtime and IoT Hub, and therefore the rest of the Azure cloud.

IoT Edge runtime environment

The IoT Edge runtime provides the infrastructure to integrate the functionality of multiple IoT Edge modules and to deploy them onto IoT Edge devices. Any program can be packaged as an IoT Edge module. To take full advantage of IoT Edge communication and management functionalities, a program running in a module can use the Azure IoT Device SDK to connect to the local IoT Edge hub.

Packaging your program as an IoT Edge module

To deploy your program on an IoT Edge device, it must first be containerized and run with a Docker-compatible engine. IoT Edge uses Moby, the open-source project behind Docker, as its Docker-compatible engine. The same parameters that you're used to with Docker can be passed to your IoT Edge modules. For more information, see How to configure container create options for IoT Edge modules.

Using the IoT Edge hub

The IoT Edge hub provides two main functionalities: a proxy to IoT Hub and local communications.

Connecting to IoT Edge hub from a module

Connecting to the local IoT Edge hub from a module involves the same connection steps as for any clients. For more information, see Connecting to the IoT Edge hub.

To use IoT Edge routing over AMQP, you can use the ModuleClient from the Azure IoT SDK. Create a ModuleClient instance to connect your module to the IoT Edge hub running on the device, similar to how DeviceClient instances connect IoT devices to IoT Hub. For more information about the ModuleClient class and its communication methods, see the API reference for your preferred SDK language: C#, C, Python, Java, or Node.js.

IoT Hub primitives

IoT Hub sees a module instance as similar to a device. A module instance can:

Currently, modules can't receive cloud-to-device messages or use the file upload feature.

When writing a module, you can connect to the IoT Edge hub and use IoT Hub primitives as you would when using IoT Hub with a device application. The only difference between IoT Edge modules and IoT device applications is that with modules you have to refer to the module identity instead of the device identity.

Device-to-cloud messages

An IoT Edge module can send messages to the cloud via the IoT Edge hub that acts as a local broker and propagates messages to the cloud. To enable complex processing of device-to-cloud messages, an IoT Edge module can intercept and process messages sent by other modules or devices to its local IoT Edge hub. The IoT Edge module will then send new messages with processed data. Chains of IoT Edge modules can thus be created to build local processing pipelines.

To send device-to-cloud telemetry messages using routes:

  • Use the Module Client class of the Azure IoT SDK. Each module has input and output endpoints.
  • Use a send message method from your Module Client class to send messages on the output endpoint of your module.
  • Set up a route in the edgeHub module of your device to send this output endpoint to IoT Hub.

To process messages using routes:

  • Set up a route to send messages coming from another endpoint (module or device) to the input endpoint of your module.
  • Listen for messages on the input endpoint of your module. Each time a new message comes back, a callback function is triggered by the Azure IoT SDK.
  • Process your message with this callback function and (optionally) send new messages in your module endpoint queue.

Note

To learn more about declaring a route, see Learn how to deploy modules and establish routes in IoT Edge

Twins

Twins are one of the primitives provided by IoT Hub. There are JSON documents that store state information including metadata, configurations, and conditions. Each module or device has its own twin.

  • To get a module twin with the Azure IoT SDK, call the ModuleClient.getTwin method.

  • To receive a module twin patch with the Azure IoT SDK, implement a callback function and register it with the ModuleClient.moduleTwinCallback method from the Azure IoT SDK so that your callback function is triggered each time a twin patch comes in.

Receive direct methods

To receive a direct method with the Azure IoT SDK, implement a callback function and register it with the ModuleClient.methodCallback method from the Azure IoT SDK so that your callback function is triggered each time that a direct method comes in.

Language and architecture support

IoT Edge supports multiple operating systems, device architectures, and development languages so you can build the scenario that matches your needs. Use this section to understand your options for developing custom IoT Edge modules. You can learn more about tooling support and requirements for each language in Prepare your development and test environment for IoT Edge.

Linux

For all languages in the following table, IoT Edge supports development for AMD64 and most ARM64 Linux containers. There is support for Debian 11 ARM32 containers, as well.

Development language Development tools
C Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio 2019/2022
C# Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio 2019/2022
Java Visual Studio Code
Node.js Visual Studio Code
Python Visual Studio Code

Note

For cross-platform compilation, like compiling an ARM32 IoT Edge module on an AMD64 development machine, you need to configure the development machine to compile code on target device architecture matching the IoT Edge module. For more information about target device architectures, see Develop Azure IoT Edge modules using Visual Studio Code.

Windows

We no longer support Windows containers. IoT Edge for Linux on Windows is the recommended way to run IoT Edge on Windows devices.

Module security

You should develop your modules with security in mind. To learn more about securing your modules, see Docker security.

To help improve module security, IoT Edge disables some container features by default. You can override the defaults to provide privileged capabilities to your modules if necessary.

Allow elevated Docker permissions

In the config file on an IoT Edge device, there's a parameter called allow_elevated_docker_permissions. When set to true, this flag allows the --privileged flag and any additional capabilities that you define in the CapAdd field of the Docker HostConfig in the container create options.

Note

Currently, this flag is true by default, which allows deployments to grant privileged permissions to modules. We recommend that you set this flag to false to improve device security.

Enable CAP_CHOWN and CAP_SETUID

The Docker capabilities CAP_CHOWN and CAP_SETUID are disabled by default. These capabilities can be used to write to secure files on the host device and potentially gain root access.

If you need these capabilities, you can manually re-enable them using CapADD in the container create options.

Next steps

Prepare your development and test environment for IoT Edge

Develop Azure IoT Edge modules using Visual Studio Code

Debug Azure IoT Edge modules using Visual Studio Code

Understand and use Azure IoT Hub SDKs