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Best practices for building an application with Azure Database for MySQL

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APPLIES TO: Azure Database for MySQL - Single Server Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server

Important

Azure Database for MySQL single server is on the retirement path. We strongly recommend that you upgrade to Azure Database for MySQL flexible server. For more information about migrating to Azure Database for MySQL flexible server, see What's happening to Azure Database for MySQL Single Server?

Here are some best practices to help you build a cloud-ready application using Azure Database for MySQL. These best practices can reduce the development time for your app.

Configuration of application and database resources

Keep the application and database in the same region

Ensure all your dependencies are in the same region when deploying your application in Azure. Spreading instances across regions or availability zones creates network latency, which might affect the overall performance of your application.

Keep your MySQL server secure

Configure your MySQL server to be secure and not accessible publicly. Use one of these options to secure your server:

For security, you must always connect to your MySQL server over SSL and configure your MySQL server and your application to use TLS 1.2. See How to configure SSL/TLS.

Use advanced networking with AKS

When accelerated networking is enabled on a VM, there's lower latency, reduced jitter, and decreased CPU utilization on the VM. To learn more, see Best practices for Azure Kubernetes Service and Azure Database for MySQL.

Tune your server parameters

For read-heavy workloads tuning server parameters, tmp_table_size and max_heap_table_size can help optimize for better performance. To calculate the values required for these variables, look at the total per-connection and base memory values. The sum of per-connection memory parameters, excluding tmp_table_size, combined with the base memory accounts for total memory of the server.

To calculate the largest possible size of tmp_table_size and max_heap_table_size, use the following formula:

(total memory - (base memory + (sum of per-connection memory * # of connections)) / # of connections

Note

Total memory indicates the total amount of memory that the server has across the provisioned vCores. For example, in a General Purpose two-vCore Azure Database for MySQL server, the total memory will be 5 GB * 2. You can find more details about memory for each tier in the pricing tier documentation.

Base memory indicates the memory variables, like query_cache_size and innodb_buffer_pool_size, that MySQL will initialize and allocate at the server start. Per-connection memory, like sort_buffer_size and join_buffer_size, is the memory allocated only when a query needs it.

Create nonadmin users

Create nonadmin users for each database. Typically, the user names are identified as the database names.

Reset your password

You can reset your password for your MySQL server using the Azure portal.

Resetting your server password for a production database can bring down your application. It's a good practice to reset the password for any production workloads at off-peak hours to minimize the impact on your application's users.

Performance and resiliency

Here are a few tools and practices to help debug your application's performance issues.

Enable slow query logs to identify performance issues

You can enable slow query logs and audit logs on your server. Analyzing slow query logs can help identify performance bottlenecks for troubleshooting.

Audit logs are also available through Azure Diagnostics logs in Azure Monitor logs, Azure Event Hubs, and storage accounts. See How to troubleshoot query performance issues.

Use connection pooling

Managing database connections can have a significant impact on the performance of the application as a whole. To optimize performance, you must reduce the number of times connections are established and the time for establishing connections in key code paths. Use connection pooling to connect to Azure Database for MySQL to improve resiliency and performance.

You can use the ProxySQL connection pooler to manage connections efficiently. Using a connection pooler can decrease idle connections and reuse existing connections, which helps avoid problems. See How to set up ProxySQL to learn more.

Retry logic to handle transient errors

Your application might experience transient errors where connections to the database are dropped or lost intermittently. In such situations, the server is up and running after one to two retries in 5 to 10 seconds.

A good practice is to wait for 5 seconds before your first retry. Then follow each retry by increasing the wait gradually, up to 60 seconds. Limit the maximum number of retries, at which point your application considers the operation failed, so you can further investigate. See How to troubleshoot connection errors to learn more.

Enable read replication to mitigate failovers

For failover scenarios, you can use Data-in Replication. No automated failover between source and replica servers occurs when using read replicas.

You notice a lag between the source and the replica because the replication is asynchronous. Network lag can be influenced by many factors, like the size of the workload running on the source server and the latency between data centers. In most cases, replica lag ranges from a few seconds to a few minutes.

Database deployment

Configure an Azure database for MySQL task in your CI/CD deployment pipeline

Occasionally, you need to deploy changes to your database. In such cases, you can use continuous integration (CI) and continuous delivery (CD) through Azure Pipelines and use a task for your MySQL server to update the database by running a custom script against it.

Use an effective process for manual database deployment

During manual database deployment, follow these steps to minimize downtime or reduce the risk of failed deployment:

  1. Create a copy of a production database on a new database by using mysqldump or MySQL Workbench.
  2. Update the new database with your new schema changes or updates needed for your database.
  3. Put the production database in a read-only state. It would be best if you didn't have write operations on the production database until deployment is completed.
  4. Test your application with the newly updated database from step 1.
  5. Deploy your application changes and make sure the application is now using the new database with the latest updates.
  6. Keep the old production database to roll back the changes. You can then evaluate to delete the old production database or export it on Azure Storage if needed.

Note

If the application is like an e-commerce app and you can't put it in a read-only state, deploy the changes directly on the production database after making a backup. These changes should occur during off-peak hours with low traffic to the app to minimize the impact because some users might experience failed requests.

Make sure your application code also handles any failed requests.

Use MySQL native metrics to see if your workload is exceeding in-memory temporary table sizes

With a read-heavy workload, queries against your MySQL server might exceed the in-memory temporary table sizes. A read-heavy workload can cause your server to switch to writing temporary tables to disk, affecting your application's performance. To determine if your server is writing to disk as a result of exceeding temporary table size, look at the following metrics:

show global status like 'created_tmp_disk_tables';
show global status like 'created_tmp_tables';

The created_tmp_disk_tables metric indicates how many tables were created on disk. Given your workload, the created_tmp_table metric tells you how many temporary tables must be formed in memory. To determine if a specific query uses temporary tables, run the EXPLAIN statement on the query. The detail in the extra column indicates Using temporary if the query runs using temporary tables.

To calculate the percentage of your workload with queries spilling to disks, use your metric values in the following formula:

(created_tmp_disk_tables / (created_tmp_disk_tables + created_tmp_tables)) * 100

Ideally, this percentage should be less than 25%. If the percentage is 25% or greater, we suggest modifying two server parameters, tmp_table_size, and max_heap_table_size.

Database schema and queries

Here are a few tips to remember when building your database schema and queries.

Use the correct datatype for your table columns

Using the correct datatype based on the type of data you want to store can optimize storage and reduce errors due to incorrect datatypes.

Use indexes

To avoid slow queries, you can use indexes. Indexes can help find rows with specific columns quickly. See How to use indexes in MySQL.

Use EXPLAIN for your SELECT queries

Use the EXPLAIN statement to get insights on what MySQL is doing to run your query. It can help you detect bottlenecks or issues with your query. See How to use EXPLAIN to profile query performance.