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Projection Operations (Visual Basic)

  • Άρθρο

Projection refers to the operation of transforming an object into a new form that often consists only of those properties that will be subsequently used. By using projection, you can construct a new type that is built from each object. You can project a property and perform a mathematical function on it. You can also project the original object without changing it.

The standard query operator methods that perform projection are listed in the following section.

Methods

Method Name Description Visual Basic Query Expression Syntax More Information
Select Projects values that are based on a transform function. Select Enumerable.Select

Queryable.Select
SelectMany Projects sequences of values that are based on a transform function and then flattens them into one sequence. Use multiple From clauses Enumerable.SelectMany

Queryable.SelectMany
Zip Produces a sequence of tuples with elements from 2-3 specified sequences. Not applicable. Enumerable.Zip
Queryable.Zip

Query Expression Syntax Examples

Select

The following example uses the Select clause to project the first letter from each string in a list of strings.

Dim words = New List(Of String) From {"an", "apple", "a", "day"}

Dim query = From word In words
            Select word.Substring(0, 1)

Dim sb As New System.Text.StringBuilder()
For Each letter As String In query
    sb.AppendLine(letter)
Next

' Display the output.
MsgBox(sb.ToString())

' This code produces the following output:

' a
' a
' a
' d

SelectMany

The following example uses multiple From clauses to project each word from each string in a list of strings.

Dim phrases = New List(Of String) From {"an apple a day", "the quick brown fox"}

Dim query = From phrase In phrases
            From word In phrase.Split(" "c)
            Select word

Dim sb As New System.Text.StringBuilder()
For Each str As String In query
    sb.AppendLine(str)
Next

' Display the output.
MsgBox(sb.ToString())

' This code produces the following output:

' an
' apple
' a
' day
' the
' quick
' brown
' fox

Select versus SelectMany

The work of both Select() and SelectMany() is to produce a result value (or values) from source values. Select() produces one result value for every source value. The overall result is therefore a collection that has the same number of elements as the source collection. In contrast, SelectMany() produces a single overall result that contains concatenated sub-collections from each source value. The transform function that is passed as an argument to SelectMany() must return an enumerable sequence of values for each source value. These enumerable sequences are then concatenated by SelectMany() to create one large sequence.

The following two illustrations show the conceptual difference between the actions of these two methods. In each case, assume that the selector (transform) function selects the array of flowers from each source value.

This illustration depicts how Select() returns a collection that has the same number of elements as the source collection.

Graphic that shows the action of Select()

This illustration depicts how SelectMany() concatenates the intermediate sequence of arrays into one final result value that contains each value from each intermediate array.

Graphic showing the action of SelectMany().

Code Example

The following example compares the behavior of Select() and SelectMany(). The code creates a "bouquet" of flowers by taking the items from each list of flower names in the source collection. In this example, the "single value" that the transform function Select<TSource,TResult>(IEnumerable<TSource>, Func<TSource,TResult>) uses is itself a collection of values. This requires the extra For Each loop in order to enumerate each string in each sub-sequence.

Class Bouquet
    Public Flowers As List(Of String)
End Class

Sub SelectVsSelectMany()
    Dim bouquets = New List(Of Bouquet) From {
        New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"sunflower", "daisy", "daffodil", "larkspur"})},
        New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"tulip", "rose", "orchid"})},
        New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"gladiolis", "lily", "snapdragon", "aster", "protea"})},
        New Bouquet With {.Flowers = New List(Of String)(New String() {"larkspur", "lilac", "iris", "dahlia"})}}

    Dim output As New System.Text.StringBuilder

    ' Select()
    Dim query1 = bouquets.Select(Function(b) b.Flowers)

    output.AppendLine("Using Select():")
    For Each flowerList In query1
        For Each str As String In flowerList
            output.AppendLine(str)
        Next
    Next

    ' SelectMany()
    Dim query2 = bouquets.SelectMany(Function(b) b.Flowers)

    output.AppendLine(vbCrLf & "Using SelectMany():")
    For Each str As String In query2
        output.AppendLine(str)
    Next

    ' Display the output
    MsgBox(output.ToString())

    ' This code produces the following output:
    '
    ' Using Select():
    ' sunflower
    ' daisy
    ' daffodil
    ' larkspur
    ' tulip
    ' rose
    ' orchid
    ' gladiolis
    ' lily
    ' snapdragon
    ' aster
    ' protea
    ' larkspur
    ' lilac
    ' iris
    ' dahlia

    ' Using SelectMany()
    ' sunflower
    ' daisy
    ' daffodil
    ' larkspur
    ' tulip
    ' rose
    ' orchid
    ' gladiolis
    ' lily
    ' snapdragon
    ' aster
    ' protea
    ' larkspur
    ' lilac
    ' iris
    ' dahlia

End Sub

See also