CAST and CONVERT (Transact-SQL)
Applies to: 
SQL Server
Azure SQL Database
Azure SQL Managed Instance
Azure Synapse Analytics
Analytics Platform System (PDW)
SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric
Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric
These functions convert an expression of one data type to another.
Syntax
CAST syntax:
CAST ( expression AS data_type [ ( length ) ] )
CONVERT syntax:
CONVERT ( data_type [ ( length ) ] , expression [ , style ] )
Transact-SQL syntax conventions
Arguments
expression
Any valid expression.
data_type
The target data type. This includes xml, bigint, and sql_variant. Alias data types can't be used.
length
An optional integer that specifies the length of the target data type, for data types that allow a user specified length. The default value is 30.
style
An integer expression that specifies how the CONVERT function will translate expression. For a style value of NULL, NULL is returned. data_type determines the range.
Return types
Returns expression, translated to data_type.
Date and time styles
For a date or time data type expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0. Beginning with SQL Server 2012 (11.x), the only styles supported, when converting from date and time types to datetimeoffset, are 0 or 1. All other conversion styles return error 9809.
Note
SQL Server supports the date format, in Arabic style, with the Kuwaiti algorithm.
| Without century (yy) 1 | With century (yyyy) | Standard | Input/output 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | 0 or 100 1, 2 | Default for datetime and smalldatetime | mon dd yyyy hh:miAM (or PM) |
| 1 | 101 | U.S. | 1 = mm/dd/yy101 = mm/dd/yyyy |
| 2 | 102 | ANSI | 2 = yy.mm.dd102 = yyyy.mm.dd |
| 3 | 103 | British/French | 3 = dd/mm/yy103 = dd/mm/yyyy |
| 4 | 104 | German | 4 = dd.mm.yy104 = dd.mm.yyyy |
| 5 | 105 | Italian | 5 = dd-mm-yy105 = dd-mm-yyyy |
| 6 | 106 1 | - | 6 = dd mon yy106 = dd mon yyyy |
| 7 | 107 1 | - | 7 = Mon dd, yy107 = Mon dd, yyyy |
| 8 or 24 | 108 | - | hh:mi:ss |
| - | 9 or 109 1, 2 | Default + milliseconds | mon dd yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM (or PM) |
| 10 | 110 | USA | 10 = mm-dd-yy 110 = mm-dd-yyyy |
| 11 | 111 | JAPAN | 11 = yy/mm/dd 111 = yyyy/mm/dd |
| 12 | 112 | ISO | 12 = yymmdd 112 = yyyymmdd |
| - | 13 or 113 1, 2 | Europe default + milliseconds | dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmm (24-hour) |
| 14 | 114 | - | hh:mi:ss:mmm (24-hour) |
| - | 20 or 120 2 | ODBC canonical | yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss (24-hour) |
| - | 21 or 25 or 121 2 | ODBC canonical (with milliseconds) default for time, date, datetime2, and datetimeoffset | yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm (24-hour) |
| 22 | - | U.S. | mm/dd/yy hh:mi:ss AM (or PM) |
| - | 23 | ISO8601 | yyyy-mm-dd |
| - | 126 4 | ISO8601 | yyyy-mm-ddThh:mi:ss.mmm (no spaces) 6 |
| - | 127 8, 9 | ISO8601 with time zone Z | yyyy-MM-ddThh:mm:ss.fffZ (no spaces) 6 |
| - | 130 1, 2 | Hijri 5 | dd mon yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM 7 |
| - | 131 2 | Hijri 5 | dd/mm/yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM |
1 These style values return nondeterministic results. Includes all (yy) (without century) styles and a subset of (yyyy) (with century) styles.
2 The default values (0 or 100, 9 or 109, 13 or 113, 20 or 120, 23, and 21 or 25 or 121) always return the century (yyyy).
Important
By default, SQL Server interprets two-digit years based on a cutoff year of 2049. That means that SQL Server interprets the two-digit year 49 as 2049 and the two-digit year 50 as 1950. Many client applications, including those based on Automation objects, use a cutoff year of 2030. SQL Server provides the two digit year cutoff configuration option to change the cutoff year used by SQL Server. This allows for the consistent treatment of dates. We recommend specifying four-digit years.
3 Input when you convert to datetime; output when you convert to character data.
4 Designed for XML use. For conversion from datetime or smalldatetime to character data, see the previous table for the output format.
5 Hijri is a calendar system with several variations. SQL Server uses the Kuwaiti algorithm.
6 For a milliseconds (mmm) value of 0, the millisecond decimal fraction value won't display. For example, the value 2022-11-07T18:26:20.000 displays as 2022-11-07T18:26:20.
7 In this style, mon represents a multi-token Hijri unicode representation of the full month name. This value doesn't render correctly on a default US installation of SSMS.
8 Only supported when casting from character data to datetime or smalldatetime. When casting character data representing only date or only time components to the datetime or smalldatetime data types, the unspecified time component is set to 00:00:00.000, and the unspecified date component is set to 1900-01-01.
9 Use the optional time zone indicator Z to make it easier to map XML datetime values that have time zone information to SQL Server datetime values that have no time zone. Z indicates time zone at UTC-0. The HH:MM offset, in the + or - direction, indicates other time zones. For example: 2022-12-12T23:45:12-08:00.
When converting smalldatetime to character data, the styles that include seconds or milliseconds show zeros in these positions. When converting from datetime or smalldatetime values, use an appropriate char or varchar data type length to truncate unwanted date parts.
When converting character data to datetimeoffset, using a style that includes a time, a time zone offset is appended to the result.
float and real styles
For a float or real expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0.
| Value | Output |
|---|---|
| 0 (default) | A maximum of 6 digits. Use in scientific notation, when appropriate. |
| 1 | Always 8 digits. Always use in scientific notation. |
| 2 | Always 16 digits. Always use in scientific notation. |
| 3 | Always 17 digits. Use for lossless conversion. With this style, every distinct float or real value is guaranteed to convert to a distinct character string. Applies to: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later versions, and Azure SQL Database. |
| 126, 128, 129 | Included for legacy reasons. Don't use these values for new development. |
money and smallmoney styles
For a money or smallmoney expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0.
| Value | Output |
|---|---|
| 0 (default) | No commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and two digits to the right of the decimal point Example: 4235.98. |
| 1 | Commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and two digits to the right of the decimal point Example: 3,510.92. |
| 2 | No commas every three digits to the left of the decimal point, and four digits to the right of the decimal point Example: 4235.9819. |
| 126 | Equivalent to style 2, when converting to char(n) or varchar(n) |
xml styles
For an xml expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Other values are processed as 0.
| Value | Output |
|---|---|
| 0 (default) | Use default parsing behavior that discards insignificant white space, and doesn't allow for an internal DTD subset. Note: When converting to the xml data type, SQL Server insignificant white space is handled differently than in XML 1.0. For more information, see Create Instances of XML Data. |
| 1 | Preserve insignificant white space. This style setting sets the default xml:space handling to match the behavior of xml:space="preserve". |
| 2 | Enable limited internal DTD subset processing. If enabled, the server can use the following information that is provided in an internal DTD subset, to perform nonvalidating parse operations. - Defaults for attributes are applied - Internal entity references are resolved and expanded - The DTD content model is checked for syntactical correctness The parser ignores external DTD subsets. Also, it doesn't evaluate the XML declaration to see whether the standalone attribute has a yes or no value. Instead, it parses the XML instance as a stand-alone document. |
| 3 | Preserve insignificant white space, and enable limited internal DTD subset processing. |
Binary styles
For a binary(n), char(n), varbinary(n), or varchar(n) expression, style can have one of the values shown in the following table. Style values not listed in the table will return an error.
| Value | Output |
|---|---|
| 0 (default) | Translates ASCII characters to binary bytes, or binary bytes to ASCII characters. Each character or byte is converted 1:1. For a binary data_type, the characters 0x are added to the left of the result. |
| 1, 2 | For a binary data_type, the expression must be a character expression. The expression must have an even number of hexadecimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, a, b, c, d, e, f). If the style is set to 1, the expression must have 0x as the first two characters. If the expression contains an odd number of characters, or if any of the characters is invalid, an error is raised. If the length of the converted expression exceeds the length of the data_type, the result is right truncated. Fixed length data_types larger than the converted result has zeros added to the right of the result. A data_type of type character requires a binary expression. Each binary character is converted into two hexadecimal characters. Suppose the length of the converted expression exceeds the length of the data_type. In that case, it's truncated. For a fixed size character type data_type, if the length of the converted result is less than its length of the data_type, spaces are added to the right of the converted expression to maintain an even number of hexadecimal digits. The characters 0x aren't added to the left of the converted result for style 2. |
Implicit conversions
Implicit conversions don't require specification of either the CAST function or the CONVERT function. Explicit conversions require specification of the CAST function or the CONVERT function. The following illustration shows all explicit and implicit data type conversions allowed for SQL Server system-supplied data types. These include bigint, and sql_variant, and xml. There is no implicit conversion on assignment from the sql_variant data type, but there is implicit conversion to sql_variant.
Tip
The Microsoft Download Center has this chart available for download as a PNG file.
The above chart illustrates all the explicit and implicit conversions that are allowed in SQL Server, but the resulting data type of the conversion depends on the operation being performed:
- For explicit conversions, the statement itself determines the resulting data type.
- For implicit conversions, assignment statements such as setting the value of a variable or inserting a value into a column will result in the data type that was defined by the variable declaration or column definition.
- For comparison operators or other expressions, the resulting data type will depend on the rules of data type precedence.
Tip
A practical example on the effects of data type precedence in conversions can be seen later in this section.
When you convert between datetimeoffset and the character types char, nchar, nvarchar, and varchar, the converted time zone offset part should always have double digits for both HH and MM. For example, -08:00.
Because Unicode data always uses an even number of bytes, use caution when you convert binary or varbinary to or from Unicode supported data types. For example, the following conversion doesn't return a hexadecimal value of 41. It returns a hexadecimal value of 4100:
SELECT CAST(CAST(0x41 AS nvarchar) AS varbinary);
For more information, see Collation and Unicode Support.
Large-value data types
Large-value data types have the same implicit and explicit conversion behavior as their smaller counterparts - specifically, the nvarchar, varbinary, and varchar data types. However, consider the following guidelines:
- Conversion from image to varbinary(max), and vice-versa, operates as an implicit conversion, as do conversions between text and varchar(max), and ntext and nvarchar(max).
- Conversion from large-value data types, such as varchar(max), to a smaller counterpart data type, such as varchar, is an implicit conversion, but truncation occurs if the size of the large value exceeds the specified length of the smaller data type.
- Conversion from nvarchar, varbinary, or varchar to their corresponding large-value data types happens implicitly.
- Conversion from the sql_variant data type to the large-value data types is an explicit conversion.
- Large-value data types can't be converted to the sql_variant data type.
For more information about conversion from the xml data type, see Create Instances of XML Data.
xml data type
When you explicitly or implicitly cast the xml data type to a string or binary data type, the content of the xml data type is serialized based on a defined set of rules. For information about these rules, see Define the Serialization of XML Data. For information about conversion from other data types to the xml data type, see Create Instances of XML Data.
text and image data types
The text and image data types don't support automatic data type conversion. You can explicitly convert text data to character data, and image data to binary or varbinary, but the maximum length is 8000 bytes. If you try an incorrect conversion, for example trying to convert a character expression that includes letters to an int, SQL Server returns an error message.
Output collation
When the CAST or CONVERT functions output a character string, and they receive a character string input, the output has the same collation and collation label as the input. If the input isn't a character string, the output has the default collation of the database, and a collation label of coercible-default. For more information, see Collation Precedence (Transact-SQL).
To assign a different collation to the output, apply the COLLATE clause to the result expression of the CAST or CONVERT function. For example:
SELECT CAST('abc' AS varchar(5)) COLLATE French_CS_AS;
Truncating and rounding results
When converting character or binary expressions (binary, char, nchar, nvarchar, varbinary, or varchar) to an expression of a different data type, the conversion operation could truncate the output data, only partially display the output data, or return an error. These cases will occur if the result is too short to display. Conversions to binary, char, nchar, nvarchar, varbinary, or varchar are truncated, except for the conversions shown in the following table.
| From data type | To data type | Result |
|---|---|---|
| int, smallint, or tinyint | char varchar |
Too short to display |
| nchar nvarchar |
Error 1 | |
| money, smallmoney, numeric, decimal, float, or real | char varchar |
Error 1 |
| nchar nvarchar |
Error 1 |
1 Error returned because result length is too short to display.
SQL Server guarantees that only roundtrip conversions, in other words conversions that convert a data type from its original data type and back again, yield the same values from version to version. The following example shows such a roundtrip conversion:
DECLARE @myval DECIMAL(5, 2);
SET @myval = 193.57;
SELECT CAST(CAST(@myval AS VARBINARY(20)) AS DECIMAL(10, 5));
-- Or, using CONVERT
SELECT CONVERT(DECIMAL(10, 5), CONVERT(VARBINARY(20), @myval));
GO
Warning
Don't construct binary values, and then convert them to a data type of the numeric data type category. SQL Server does not guarantee that the result of a decimal or numeric data type conversion, to binary, will be the same between versions of SQL Server.
The following example shows a resulting expression that is too small to display.
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
SELECT p.FirstName,
p.LastName,
SUBSTRING(p.Title, 1, 25) AS Title,
CAST(e.SickLeaveHours AS CHAR(1)) AS [Sick Leave]
FROM HumanResources.Employee e
INNER JOIN Person.Person p
ON e.BusinessEntityID = p.BusinessEntityID
WHERE NOT e.BusinessEntityID > 5;
GO
Here's the result set.
FirstName LastName Title Sick Leave
--------- ------------- ------- --------`
Ken Sanchez NULL *
Terri Duffy NULL *
Roberto Tamburello NULL *
Rob Walters NULL *
Gail Erickson Ms. *
(5 row(s) affected)
When you convert data types that differ in decimal places, SQL Server will sometimes return a truncated result value, and at other times it will return a rounded value. This table shows the behavior.
| From | To | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
| numeric | numeric | Round |
| numeric | int | Truncate |
| numeric | money | Round |
| money | int | Round |
| money | numeric | Round |
| float | int | Truncate |
| float | numeric | Round 1 |
| float | datetime | Round |
| datetime | int | Round |
1 Conversion of float values that use scientific notation to decimal or numeric is restricted to values of precision 17 digits only. Any value with precision higher than 17 rounds to zero.
For example, the values 10.6496 and -10.6496 may be truncated or rounded during conversion to int or numeric types:
SELECT CAST(10.6496 AS INT) AS trunc1,
CAST(-10.6496 AS INT) AS trunc2,
CAST(10.6496 AS NUMERIC) AS round1,
CAST(-10.6496 AS NUMERIC) AS round2;
Results of the query are shown in the following table:
| trunc1 | trunc2 | round1 | round2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | -10 | 11 | -11 |
When converting data types where the target data type has fewer decimal places than the source data type, the value is rounded. For example, this conversion returns $10.3497:
SELECT CAST(10.3496847 AS money);
SQL Server returns an error message when converting nonnumeric char, nchar, nvarchar, or varchar data to decimal, float, int, numeric. SQL Server also returns an error when an empty string (" ") is converted to numeric or decimal.
Certain datetime conversions are nondeterministic
The styles for which the string-to-datetime conversion is nondeterministic are as follows:
- All styles below 100 1
- 106
- 107
- 109
- 113
- 130
1 With the exception of styles 20 and 21
For more information, see Nondeterministic conversion of literal date strings into DATE values.
Supplementary characters (surrogate pairs)
Starting with SQL Server 2012 (11.x), when using supplementary character (SC) collations, a CAST operation from nchar or nvarchar to an nchar or nvarchar type of smaller length won't truncate inside a surrogate pair. Instead, the operation truncates before the supplementary character. For example, the following code fragment leaves @x holding just 'ab'. There isn't enough space to hold the supplementary character.
DECLARE @x NVARCHAR(10) = 'ab' + NCHAR(0x10000);
SELECT CAST(@x AS NVARCHAR(3));
When using SC collations, the behavior of CONVERT, is analogous to that of CAST. For more information, see Collation and Unicode Support - Supplementary Characters.
Compatibility support
In earlier versions of SQL Server, the default style for CAST and CONVERT operations on time and datetime2 data types is 121, except when either type is used in a computed column expression. For computed columns, the default style is 0. This behavior impacts computed columns when they are created, used in queries involving auto-parameterization, or used in constraint definitions.
Under compatibility level 110 and higher, the CAST and CONVERT operations on the time and datetime2 data types always have 121 as the default style. If a query relies on the old behavior, use a compatibility level less than 110, or explicitly specify the 0 style in the affected query.
| Compatibility level value | Default style for CAST and CONVERT 1 |
Default style for computed column |
|---|---|---|
| < 110 | 121 | 0 |
| > = 110 | 121 | 121 |
1 Except for computed columns
Upgrading the database to compatibility level 110 and higher won't change user data that has been stored to disk. You must manually correct this data as appropriate. For example, if you used SELECT INTO to create a table from a source containing a computed column expression described above, the data (using style 0) would be stored rather than the computed column definition itself. You must manually update this data to match style 121.
Examples
A. Use both CAST and CONVERT
These examples retrieve the name of the product, for those products that have a 3 as the first digit of list price, and converts their ListPrice values to int.
Use CAST:
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
SELECT SUBSTRING(Name, 1, 30) AS ProductName,
ListPrice
FROM Production.Product
WHERE CAST(ListPrice AS INT) LIKE '33%';
GO
Use CONVERT:
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
SELECT SUBSTRING(Name, 1, 30) AS ProductName,
ListPrice
FROM Production.Product
WHERE CONVERT(INT, ListPrice) LIKE '33%';
GO
Here's the result set. The sample result set is the same for both CAST and CONVERT.
ProductName ListPrice
------------------------------ ---------------------
LL Road Frame - Black, 58 337.22
LL Road Frame - Black, 60 337.22
LL Road Frame - Black, 62 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 44 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 48 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 52 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 58 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 60 337.22
LL Road Frame - Red, 62 337.22
LL Road Frame - Black, 44 337.22
LL Road Frame - Black, 48 337.22
LL Road Frame - Black, 52 337.22
Mountain-100 Black, 38 3374.99
Mountain-100 Black, 42 3374.99
Mountain-100 Black, 44 3374.99
Mountain-100 Black, 48 3374.99
HL Road Front Wheel 330.06
LL Touring Frame - Yellow, 62 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Blue, 50 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Blue, 54 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Blue, 58 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Blue, 62 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Yellow, 44 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Yellow, 50 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Yellow, 54 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Yellow, 58 333.42
LL Touring Frame - Blue, 44 333.42
HL Road Tire 32.60
(28 rows affected)
B. Use CAST with arithmetic operators
This example calculates a single column computation (Computed) by dividing the total year-to-date sales (SalesYTD) by the commission percentage (CommissionPCT). This value is rounded to the nearest whole number and is then CAST to an int data type.
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
SELECT CAST(ROUND(SalesYTD / CommissionPCT, 0) AS INT) AS Computed
FROM Sales.SalesPerson
WHERE CommissionPCT != 0;
GO
Here's the result set.
Computed
------
379753754
346698349
257144242
176493899
281101272
0
301872549
212623750
298948202
250784119
239246890
101664220
124511336
97688107
(14 row(s) affected)
C. Use CAST to concatenate
This example concatenates noncharacter expressions by using CAST. It uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT 'The list price is ' + CAST(ListPrice AS VARCHAR(12)) AS ListPrice
FROM dbo.DimProduct
WHERE ListPrice BETWEEN 350.00 AND 400.00;
Here's the result set.
ListPrice
------------------------
The list price is 357.06
The list price is 364.09
The list price is 364.09
The list price is 364.09
The list price is 364.09
D. Use CAST to produce more readable text
This example uses CAST in the SELECT list, to convert the Name column to a char(10) column. It uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT DISTINCT CAST(EnglishProductName AS CHAR(10)) AS Name,
ListPrice
FROM dbo.DimProduct
WHERE EnglishProductName LIKE 'Long-Sleeve Logo Jersey, M';
GO
Here's the result set.
Name ListPrice
---------- ---------
Long-Sleev 31.2437
Long-Sleev 32.4935
Long-Sleev 49.99
E. Use CAST with the LIKE clause
This example converts the money column SalesYTD values to data type int, and then to data type char(20), so that the LIKE clause can use it.
USE AdventureWorks2022;
GO
SELECT p.FirstName,
p.LastName,
s.SalesYTD,
s.BusinessEntityID
FROM Person.Person AS p
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson AS s
ON p.BusinessEntityID = s.BusinessEntityID
WHERE CAST(CAST(s.SalesYTD AS INT) AS CHAR(20)) LIKE '2%';
GO
Here's the result set.
FirstName LastName SalesYTD BusinessEntityID
---------------- ------------------- ---------------- -------------
Tsvi Reiter 2811012.7151 279
Syed Abbas 219088.8836 288
Rachel Valdez 2241204.0424 289
(3 row(s) affected)
F. Use CONVERT or CAST with typed XML
These examples show use of CONVERT to convert data to typed XML, by using the XML Data Type and Columns (SQL Server).
This example converts a string with white space, text and markup into typed XML, and removes all insignificant white space (boundary white space between nodes):
SELECT CONVERT(XML, '<root><child/></root>')
This example converts a similar string with white space, text and markup into typed XML and preserves insignificant white space (boundary white space between nodes):
SELECT CONVERT(XML, '<root> <child/> </root>', 1)
This example casts a string with white space, text, and markup into typed XML:
SELECT CAST('<Name><FName>Carol</FName><LName>Elliot</LName></Name>' AS XML)
See Create Instances of XML Data for more examples.
G. Use CAST and CONVERT with datetime data
Starting with GETDATE() values, this example displays the current date and time, uses CAST to change the current date and time to a character data type, and then uses CONVERT to display the date and time in the ISO 8601 format.
SELECT GETDATE() AS UnconvertedDateTime,
CAST(GETDATE() AS NVARCHAR(30)) AS UsingCast,
CONVERT(NVARCHAR(30), GETDATE(), 126) AS UsingConvertTo_ISO8601;
GO
Here's the result set.
UnconvertedDateTime UsingCast UsingConvertTo_ISO8601
----------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------
2022-04-18 09:58:04.570 Apr 18 2022 9:58AM 2022-04-18T09:58:04.570
(1 row(s) affected)
This example is approximately the opposite of the previous example. This example displays a date and time as character data, uses CAST to change the character data to the datetime data type, and then uses CONVERT to change the character data to the datetime data type.
SELECT '2006-04-25T15:50:59.997' AS UnconvertedText,
CAST('2006-04-25T15:50:59.997' AS DATETIME) AS UsingCast,
CONVERT(DATETIME, '2006-04-25T15:50:59.997', 126) AS UsingConvertFrom_ISO8601;
GO
Here's the result set.
UnconvertedText UsingCast UsingConvertFrom_ISO8601
----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------
2006-04-25T15:50:59.997 2006-04-25 15:50:59.997 2006-04-25 15:50:59.997
(1 row(s) affected)
H. Use CONVERT with binary and character data
These examples show the results of binary and character data conversion, using different styles.
--Convert the binary value 0x4E616d65 to a character value.
SELECT CONVERT(CHAR(8), 0x4E616d65, 0) AS [Style 0, binary to character];
Here's the result set.
Style 0, binary to character
----------------------------
Name
(1 row(s) affected)
This example shows that Style 1 can force result truncation. The characters 0x in the result set force the truncation.
SELECT CONVERT(CHAR(8), 0x4E616d65, 1) AS [Style 1, binary to character];
Here's the result set.
Style 1, binary to character
------------------------------
0x4E616D
(1 row(s) affected)
This example shows that Style 2 doesn't truncate the result, because the result doesn't include the characters 0x.
SELECT CONVERT(CHAR(8), 0x4E616d65, 2) AS [Style 2, binary to character];
Here's the result set.
Style 2, binary to character
------------------------------
4E616D65
(1 row(s) affected)
Convert the character value 'Name' to a binary value.
SELECT CONVERT(BINARY(8), 'Name', 0) AS [Style 0, character to binary];
Here's the result set.
Style 0, character to binary
----------------------------
0x4E616D6500000000
(1 row(s) affected)
SELECT CONVERT(BINARY(4), '0x4E616D65', 1) AS [Style 1, character to binary];
Here's the result set.
Style 1, character to binary
----------------------------
0x4E616D65
(1 row(s) affected)
SELECT CONVERT(BINARY(4), '4E616D65', 2) AS [Style 2, character to binary];
Here's the result set.
Style 2, character to binary
----------------------------------
0x4E616D65
(1 row(s) affected)
I. Convert date and time data types
This example shows the conversion of date, time, and datetime data types.
DECLARE @d1 DATE,
@t1 TIME,
@dt1 DATETIME;
SET @d1 = GETDATE();
SET @t1 = GETDATE();
SET @dt1 = GETDATE();
SET @d1 = GETDATE();
-- When converting date to datetime the minutes portion becomes zero.
SELECT @d1 AS [DATE],
CAST(@d1 AS DATETIME) AS [date as datetime];
-- When converting time to datetime the date portion becomes zero
-- which converts to January 1, 1900.
SELECT @t1 AS [TIME],
CAST(@t1 AS DATETIME) AS [time as datetime];
-- When converting datetime to date or time non-applicable portion is dropped.
SELECT @dt1 AS [DATETIME],
CAST(@dt1 AS DATE) AS [datetime as date],
CAST(@dt1 AS TIME) AS [datetime as time];
Ensure the values are within a compatible range when considering a conversion from date to datetime or datetime2. The minimum year value for datetime is 1753, while the minimum year value is 0001 for date and datetime2.
DECLARE @d1 DATE, @dt1 DATETIME , @dt2 DATETIME2
SET @d1 = '1492-08-03'
--This is okay; Minimum YYYY for DATE is 0001
SET @dt2 = CAST(@d1 AS DATETIME2)
--This is okay; Minimum YYYY for DATETIME2 IS 0001
SET @dt1 = CAST(@d1 AS DATETIME)
--This will error with (Msg 242) "The conversion of a date data type to a datetime data type resulted in an out-of-range value."
--Minimum YYYY for DATETIME is 1753
J. Use CONVERT with datetime data in different formats
Starting with GETDATE() values, this example uses CONVERT to display of all the date and time styles in section Date and Time styles of this article.
| Format # | Example query | Sample result |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 0) |
Aug 23 2019 1:39PM |
| 1 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 1) |
08/23/19 |
| 2 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 2) |
19.08.23 |
| 3 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 3) |
23/08/19 |
| 4 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 4) |
23.08.19 |
| 5 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 5) |
23-08-19 |
| 6 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 6) |
23 Aug 19 |
| 7 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 7) |
Aug 23, 19 |
| 8 or 24 or 108 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 8) |
13:39:17 |
| 9 or 109 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 9) |
Aug 23 2019 1:39:17:090PM |
| 10 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 10) |
08-23-19 |
| 11 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 11) |
19/08/23 |
| 12 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 12) |
190823 |
| 13 or 113 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 13) |
23 Aug 2019 13:39:17:090 |
| 14 or 114 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 14) |
13:39:17:090 |
| 20 or 120 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 20) |
2019-08-23 13:39:17 |
| 21 or 25 or 121 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 21) |
2019-08-23 13:39:17.090 |
| 22 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 22) |
08/23/19 1:39:17 PM |
| 23 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 23) |
2019-08-23 |
| 101 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 101) |
08/23/2019 |
| 102 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 102) |
2019.08.23 |
| 103 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 103) |
23/08/2019 |
| 104 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 104) |
23.08.2019 |
| 105 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 105) |
23-08-2019 |
| 106 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 106) |
23 Aug 2019 |
| 107 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 107) |
Aug 23, 2019 |
| 110 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 110) |
08-23-2019 |
| 111 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 111) |
2019/08/23 |
| 112 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 112) |
20190823 |
| 113 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 113) |
23 Aug 2019 13:39:17.090 |
| 120 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 120) |
2019-08-23 13:39:17 |
| 121 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 121) |
2019-08-23 13:39:17.090 |
| 126 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 126) |
2019-08-23T13:39:17.090 |
| 127 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 127) |
2019-08-23T13:39:17.090 |
| 130 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 130) |
22 ذو الحجة 1440 1:39:17.090P |
| 131 | SELECT CONVERT(NVARCHAR, GETDATE(), 131) |
22/12/1440 1:39:17.090PM |
K. Effects of data type precedence in allowed conversions
The following example defines a variable of type varchar(10), assigns an integer value to the variable, then selects a concatenation of the variable with a string.
DECLARE @string VARCHAR(10);
SET @string = 1;
SELECT @string + ' is a string.' AS Result
Here's the result set.
Result
-----------------------
1 is a string.
The int value of 1 was converted to a varchar.
This example shows a similar query, using an int variable instead:
DECLARE @notastring INT;
SET @notastring = '1';
SELECT @notastring + ' is not a string.' AS Result
In this case, the SELECT statement will throw the following error:
Msg 245, Level 16, State 1, Line 3
Conversion failed when converting the varchar value ' is not a string.' to data type int.
In order to evaluate the expression @notastring + ' is not a string.', SQL Server needs to follow the rules of data type precedence to complete the implicit conversion before the result of the expression can be calculated. Because int has a higher precedence than varchar, SQL Server attempts to convert the string to an integer and fails because this string can't be converted to an integer.
If we provide a string that can be converted, the statement will succeed, as seen in the following example:
DECLARE @notastring INT;
SET @notastring = '1';
SELECT @notastring + '1'
In this case, the string '1' can be converted to the integer value 1, so this SELECT statement will return the value 2. When the data types provided are integers, the + operator becomes addition mathematical operator, rather than a string concatenation.
Examples: Azure Synapse Analytics and Analytics Platform System (PDW)
L. Use CAST and CONVERT
This example retrieves the name of the product for those products that have a 3 in the first digit of their list price, and converts the ListPrice of these products to int. It uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT EnglishProductName AS ProductName, ListPrice
FROM dbo.DimProduct
WHERE CAST(ListPrice AS int) LIKE '3%';
This example shows the same query, using CONVERT instead of CAST. It uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT EnglishProductName AS ProductName, ListPrice
FROM dbo.DimProduct
WHERE CONVERT(INT, ListPrice) LIKE '3%';
M. Use CAST with arithmetic operators
This example calculates a single column value by dividing the product unit price (UnitPrice) by the discount percentage (UnitPriceDiscountPct). This result is then rounded to the nearest whole number, and finally converted to an int data type. This example uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT ProductKey, UnitPrice,UnitPriceDiscountPct,
CAST(ROUND (UnitPrice*UnitPriceDiscountPct,0) AS int) AS DiscountPrice
FROM dbo.FactResellerSales
WHERE SalesOrderNumber = 'SO47355'
AND UnitPriceDiscountPct > .02;
Here's the result set.
ProductKey UnitPrice UnitPriceDiscountPct DiscountPrice
---------- --------- -------------------- -------------
323 430.6445 0.05 22
213 18.5043 0.05 1
456 37.4950 0.10 4
456 37.4950 0.10 4
216 18.5043 0.05 1
N. Use CAST with the LIKE clause
This example converts the money column ListPrice to an int type, and then to a char(20) type, so that the LIKE clause can use it. This example uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT EnglishProductName AS Name, ListPrice
FROM dbo.DimProduct
WHERE CAST(CAST(ListPrice AS INT) AS CHAR(20)) LIKE '2%';
O. Use CAST and CONVERT with datetime data
This example displays the current date and time, uses CAST to change the current date and time to a character data type, and finally uses CONVERT display the date and time in the ISO 8601 format. This example uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT TOP(1)
SYSDATETIME() AS UnconvertedDateTime,
CAST(SYSDATETIME() AS NVARCHAR(30)) AS UsingCast,
CONVERT(NVARCHAR(30), SYSDATETIME(), 126) AS UsingConvertTo_ISO8601
FROM dbo.DimCustomer;
Here's the result set.
UnconvertedDateTime UsingCast UsingConvertTo_ISO8601
--------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
07/20/2010 1:44:31 PM 2010-07-20 13:44:31.5879025 2010-07-20T13:44:31.5879025
This example is the rough opposite of the previous example. This example displays a date and time as character data, uses CAST to change the character data to the datetime data type, and then uses CONVERT to change the character data to the datetime data type. This example uses the AdventureWorksDW2022 database.
SELECT TOP(1)
'2010-07-25T13:50:38.544' AS UnconvertedText,
CAST('2010-07-25T13:50:38.544' AS DATETIME) AS UsingCast,
CONVERT(DATETIME, '2010-07-25T13:50:38.544', 126) AS UsingConvertFrom_ISO8601
FROM dbo.DimCustomer;
Here's the result set.
UnconvertedText UsingCast UsingConvertFrom_ISO8601
----------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------
2010-07-25T13:50:38.544 07/25/2010 1:50:38 PM 07/25/2010 1:50:38 PM
See also
- FORMAT (Transact-SQL)
- STR (Transact-SQL)
- SELECT (Transact-SQL)
- System Functions (Transact-SQL)
- Collation and Unicode Support