Σημείωση
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Η πρόσβαση σε αυτή τη σελίδα απαιτεί εξουσιοδότηση. Μπορείτε να δοκιμάσετε να αλλάξετε καταλόγους.
Applies to: 
SQL Server
Azure SQL Database
Azure SQL Managed Instance
Azure Synapse Analytics
Analytics Platform System (PDW)
SQL analytics endpoint in Microsoft Fabric
Warehouse in Microsoft Fabric
SQL database in Microsoft Fabric
The following scalar functions perform a calculation, usually based on input values that you provide as arguments, and return a numeric value.
Numeric magnitude and sign (single-value transforms)
Functions in this category evaluate the magnitude or directional sign of a numeric input. Use them in data validation, normalization, financial modeling, and any scenario where the positivity, negativity, or absolute scale of a value needs to be interpreted or standardized.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| ABS | Returns the absolute (positive) value of the numeric expression. |
| SIGN | Returns +1, 0, or -1 depending on whether the expression is positive, zero, or negative. |
Rounding and integer boundary
These functions convert floating-point or high-precision values into integers or fixed-precision representations. They support reporting, bucketing, currency formatting, threshold calculations, and any operation where values must align with discrete numeric boundaries.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| CEILING | Returns smallest integer greater than or equal to the expression. |
| FLOOR | Returns largest integer less than or equal the expression. |
| ROUND | Rounds a numeric value to the specified precision and length. |
Trigonometric functions
Forward functions (input interpreted as radians)
This group provides the elementary trigonometric functions that compute ratios of a right triangle or model periodic behavior. In SQL workloads, these functions typically support geometric computation, spatial transformations, data analysis, and simulation models that require angle-based calculations.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| SIN | Sine of the specified angle. |
| COS | Cosine of the specified angle. |
| TAN | Tangent of the input expression. |
| COT | Cotangent of the specified angle. |
Inverse trigonometry and angle-from-coordinates
Inverse trigonometric functions return the angle that corresponds to a given trigonometric ratio. These functions enable you to recover an angle from coordinate or sensor data. Use them in navigation, geospatial analytics, error-vector calculations, and any scenario where you compute direction or orientation from component values.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| ASIN | Angle (in radians) whose sine is the given value (arcsine). |
| ACOS | Angle (in radians) whose cosine is the given value (arccosine). |
| ATAN | Angle (in radians) whose tangent is the given value (arctangent). |
| ATN2 | Angle (in radians) between the positive x-axis and a ray to point (y, x). |
Angle conversion
These functions convert values between degrees and radians. They serve as utility operations that support interoperability with APIs, libraries, and mathematical formulas that expect a specific angular measurement unit.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| DEGREES | Converts radians to degrees. |
| RADIANS | Converts degrees to radians. |
Exponents, logarithms, powers, and roots
This category includes functions that scale values exponentially, compute logarithmic magnitude, raise numbers to arbitrary powers, or extract roots. Typical workloads include financial compounding, scoring models, machine-learning feature engineering, scientific analysis, and any transformation involving nonlinear growth or decay.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| EXP | Exponential value of the expression (e raised to the expression). |
| LOG | Natural logarithm by default; optional base supported in SQL Server. |
| LOG10 | Base-10 logarithm. |
| POWER | Raises the expression to the specified power. |
| SQRT | Square root of the specified value. |
| SQUARE | Square of the specified value. |
Constants and randomness
These functions provide numerical constants and pseudo-random number generation for sampling, stochastic modeling, testing, and procedural computations. Use them for simulation, Monte Carlo analysis, randomized selection, or creating reproducible test scenarios when seeded.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| PI | Returns the constant π (pi). |
| RAND | Returns a pseudo-random float between 0 and 1. |
Remarks
Arithmetic functions, such as ABS, CEILING, DEGREES, FLOOR, POWER, RADIANS, and SIGN, return a value with the same data type as the input value. Trigonometric and other functions, including EXP, LOG, LOG10, SQUARE, and SQRT, cast their input values to float and return a float value.
All mathematical functions, except for RAND, are deterministic functions. This means they return the same results each time they're called with a specific set of input values. RAND is deterministic only when you specify a seed parameter. For more information about function determinism, see Deterministic and nondeterministic functions.