Creating a View Within a File
If you want to view a portion of the file that does not start at the beginning of the file, you must create a file mapping object. This object is the size of the portion of the file you want to view plus the offset into the file. For example, if you want to view the 1 kilobyte (1K) that begins 131,072 bytes (128K) into the file, you must create a file mapping object of at least 132,096 bytes (129K) in size. The view starts 131,072 bytes (128K) into the file and extend for at least 1,024 bytes. This example assumes a file allocation granularity of 64K.
File allocation granularity affects where a map view can start. A map view must start at an offset into the file that is a multiple of the file allocation granularity. So the data you want to view may be the file offset modulo the allocation granularity into the view. The size of the view is the offset of the data modulo the allocation granularity, plus the size of the data that you want to examine.
For example, suppose that the GetSystemInfo function indicates an allocation granularity of 64K. To examine 1K of data that is 138,240 bytes (135K) into the file, do the following:
- Create a file mapping object of at least 139,264 bytes (136K) in size.
- Create a file view that starts at a file offset that is the largest multiple of the file allocation granularity less than the offset you require. In this case, the file view starts at offset 131,072 (128K) into the file. The view is 139264 bytes (136K) minus 131,072 bytes (128K), or 8,192 bytes (8K), in size.
- Create a pointer offset 7K into the view to access the 1K in which you are interested.
If the data you want straddles a file allocation granularity boundary, you could make the view larger than the file allocation granularity. This avoids breaking the data into pieces.
The following program illustrates the second example above.
/*
This program demonstrates file mapping, especially how to align a
view with the system file allocation granularity.
*/
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#define BUFFSIZE 1024 // size of the memory to examine at any one time
#define FILE_MAP_START 138240 // starting point within the file of
// the data to examine (135K)
/* The test file. The code below creates the file and populates it,
so there is no need to supply it in advance. */
TCHAR * lpcTheFile = TEXT("fmtest.txt"); // the file to be manipulated
int main(void)
{
HANDLE hMapFile; // handle for the file's memory-mapped region
HANDLE hFile; // the file handle
BOOL bFlag; // a result holder
DWORD dBytesWritten; // number of bytes written
DWORD dwFileSize; // temporary storage for file sizes
DWORD dwFileMapSize; // size of the file mapping
DWORD dwMapViewSize; // the size of the view
DWORD dwFileMapStart; // where to start the file map view
DWORD dwSysGran; // system allocation granularity
SYSTEM_INFO SysInfo; // system information; used to get granularity
LPVOID lpMapAddress; // pointer to the base address of the
// memory-mapped region
char * pData; // pointer to the data
int i; // loop counter
int iData; // on success contains the first int of data
int iViewDelta; // the offset into the view where the data
//shows up
// Create the test file. Open it "Create Always" to overwrite any
// existing file. The data is re-created below
hFile = CreateFile(lpcTheFile,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
NULL,
CREATE_ALWAYS,
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
NULL);
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
_tprintf(TEXT("hFile is NULL\n"));
_tprintf(TEXT("Target file is %s\n"),
lpcTheFile);
return 4;
}
// Get the system allocation granularity.
GetSystemInfo(&SysInfo);
dwSysGran = SysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
// Now calculate a few variables. Calculate the file offsets as
// 64-bit values, and then get the low-order 32 bits for the
// function calls.
// To calculate where to start the file mapping, round down the
// offset of the data into the file to the nearest multiple of the
// system allocation granularity.
dwFileMapStart = (FILE_MAP_START / dwSysGran) * dwSysGran;
_tprintf (TEXT("The file map view starts at %ld bytes into the file.\n"),
dwFileMapStart);
// Calculate the size of the file mapping view.
dwMapViewSize = (FILE_MAP_START % dwSysGran) + BUFFSIZE;
_tprintf (TEXT("The file map view is %ld bytes large.\n"),
dwMapViewSize);
// How large will the file mapping object be?
dwFileMapSize = FILE_MAP_START + BUFFSIZE;
_tprintf (TEXT("The file mapping object is %ld bytes large.\n"),
dwFileMapSize);
// The data of interest isn't at the beginning of the
// view, so determine how far into the view to set the pointer.
iViewDelta = FILE_MAP_START - dwFileMapStart;
_tprintf (TEXT("The data is %d bytes into the view.\n"),
iViewDelta);
// Now write a file with data suitable for experimentation. This
// provides unique int (4-byte) offsets in the file for easy visual
// inspection. Note that this code does not check for storage
// medium overflow or other errors, which production code should
// do. Because an int is 4 bytes, the value at the pointer to the
// data should be one quarter of the desired offset into the file
for (i=0; i<(int)dwSysGran; i++)
{
WriteFile (hFile, &i, sizeof (i), &dBytesWritten, NULL);
}
// Verify that the correct file size was written.
dwFileSize = GetFileSize(hFile, NULL);
_tprintf(TEXT("hFile size: %10d\n"), dwFileSize);
// Create a file mapping object for the file
// Note that it is a good idea to ensure the file size is not zero
hMapFile = CreateFileMapping( hFile, // current file handle
NULL, // default security
PAGE_READWRITE, // read/write permission
0, // size of mapping object, high
dwFileMapSize, // size of mapping object, low
NULL); // name of mapping object
if (hMapFile == NULL)
{
_tprintf(TEXT("hMapFile is NULL: last error: %d\n"), GetLastError() );
return (2);
}
// Map the view and test the results.
lpMapAddress = MapViewOfFile(hMapFile, // handle to
// mapping object
FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS, // read/write
0, // high-order 32
// bits of file
// offset
dwFileMapStart, // low-order 32
// bits of file
// offset
dwMapViewSize); // number of bytes
// to map
if (lpMapAddress == NULL)
{
_tprintf(TEXT("lpMapAddress is NULL: last error: %d\n"), GetLastError());
return 3;
}
// Calculate the pointer to the data.
pData = (char *) lpMapAddress + iViewDelta;
// Extract the data, an int. Cast the pointer pData from a "pointer
// to char" to a "pointer to int" to get the whole thing
iData = *(int *)pData;
_tprintf (TEXT("The value at the pointer is %d,\nwhich %s one quarter of the desired file offset.\n"),
iData,
iData*4 == FILE_MAP_START ? TEXT("is") : TEXT("is not"));
// Close the file mapping object and the open file
bFlag = UnmapViewOfFile(lpMapAddress);
bFlag = CloseHandle(hMapFile); // close the file mapping object
if(!bFlag)
{
_tprintf(TEXT("\nError %ld occurred closing the mapping object!"),
GetLastError());
}
bFlag = CloseHandle(hFile); // close the file itself
if(!bFlag)
{
_tprintf(TEXT("\nError %ld occurred closing the file!"),
GetLastError());
}
return 0;
}
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