Hello Matt,
Thank you for posting your query in the Microsoft Q&A forum.
Forbidden error 403 means insufficient permissions, and this is initiated by the web application. There are a load of reasons you might be experiencing this which range from consent issues to networking.
On the application where you have added your redirect URL, Confirm that administrator consent has been granted for the application to access user profiles.
If this isn't the case, check if there is a conditional access in place in your tenant which is preventing this access.
Depending on where the web application is hosted, check the networking setting.
I would advise you to do a network trace to see what is blocking your access and also test with jwt.ms if this is application-related.
NB: Your SSO set-up seems to be working fine
Let me know if further assistance is needed.
Babafemi