Hi, have you solved the issue?
I have a company phone from which I'm able to enable and disable Phone Sign In for two different accounts. On of these accounts is from a customer, so there shouldn't be any limit to "which phone are you configuring" from the company, and anyway I checked with my company and they have no limitation.
From my personal phone, which it's two days I'm trying to configure Phone Sign In, there's no way to do it, same error from the picture above. Even after deregistering the device, cleaning cache and data, uninstalling, rebooting and trying anything from the beginning. My phone have been factory resetted a couple days ago, so it starts from the cleanest situation as possible.