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Hi M_M_Braun,
Thanks for the updates. It seems that the issue affect only one List, and you cannot upload Word document to the list either. As a workaround, you may Record a list, move items to the new lists and check the result.
However, it could be required to use some tools and catch logs to find the root causes for the issue, For further troubleshooting, I would suggest you create Support ticket from Microsoft 365 Admin center>Support>New service request. Agents there have more resource and tools to troubleshooting the issue further and may help find root causes. For more information on creating support ticket: **** Get support | Microsoft Docs. Thanks for your patience and understanding!
Best Regards,
Clark