I have tried to replicate your scenario, but it is working as expected and I am able to retrieve all the channels in Team.
As per documentation, Please Note: This API supports admin permissions. Global admins and Microsoft Teams service admins can access teams that they are not a member of.
So, if you do not have above roles, you can only retrieve the channels which you are part of as a member or owner.
If you have one of the above roles and if you are still facing this issue, I would recommend you to raise a support case with Microsoft Graph, a Support Engineer will be able to assist you better. You can raise support ticket from http://aad.portal.azure.com/ or https://admin.microsoft.com/#/support/requests.
Hope this helps.
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