@Courtney Regan, Thanks for posting in Q&A.
I have done some research about this issue, here are some suggestions you can refer to fix this issue.
1.Sync, and wait for a while, then restart the device to check whether Teams can install successfully.
2.Try to unassign the Microsoft Apps and re-assign the Microsoft 365 Apps in Intune.
3.Troubleshoot the app deployment refer the following link:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/intune/apps/apps-add-office365#deployment-details
4.I find there's changes in Microsoft Teams. New installations of Microsoft 365 and Office 365 will include Teams only if a Teams service plan is in place.
Please check if we have Team service plan. If not, as a workaround, try to deploy the app separately. remove the Teams from M365 Suite and deploy it as a standalone app by Intune.
Please try above information, if there is any update, feel free to let me know.
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