Working with Command Output
Applies to: Exchange Server 2010
The Exchange Management Shell offers several methods that you can use to format command output. This topic discusses the following subjects:
- How to format data Control how the data that you see is formatted by using the Format-List, Format-Table, and Format-Wide cmdlets.
- How to output data Determine whether data is output to the Shell console window or to a file by using the Out-Host and Out-File cmdlets. Included in this topic is a sample script to output data to Microsoft Internet Explorer.
- How to filter data Filter data by using either of the following filtering methods:
- Server-side filtering, available on certain cmdlets
- Client-side filtering, available on all cmdlets by piping the results of a command to the Where-Object cmdlet
To use the functionality that is described in this topic, you must be familiar with the following concepts:
How to Format Data
If you call formatting cmdlets at the end of the pipeline, you can override the default formatting to control what data is displayed and how that data appears. The formatting cmdlets are Format-List, Format-Table, and Format-Wide. Each has its own distinct output style that differs from the other formatting cmdlets.
Format-List
The Format-List cmdlet takes input from the pipeline and outputs a vertical columned list of all the specified properties of each object. You can specify which properties you want to display by using the Property parameter. If the Format-List cmdlet is called without any parameters specified, all properties are output. The Format-List cmdlet wraps lines instead of truncating them. One of the best uses for the Format-List cmdlet is to override the default output of a cmdlet so that you can retrieve additional or more focused information.
For example, when you call the Get-Mailbox cmdlet, you only see a limited amount of information in table format. If you pipe the output of the Get-Mailbox cmdlet to the Format-List cmdlet and add parameters for the additional or more focused information that you want to view, you can retrieve the output that you want.
You can also specify a wildcard character "*" with a partial property name. If you include a wildcard character, you can match multiple properties without having to type each property name individually. For example, Get-Mailbox | Format-List -Property Email* returns all properties that begin with Email.
The following examples show the different ways that you can view the same data returned by the Get-Mailbox cmdlet.
Get-MailBox TestUser1
Name Alias ServerName ProhibitSendQuo
ta
---- ----- ---------- ---------------
TestUser1 TestUser1 mbx unlimited
In the first example, the Get-Mailbox cmdlet is called without specific formatting so the default output is in table format and contains a predetermined set of properties.
Get-Mailbox TestUser1 | Format-List -Property Name,Alias,EmailAddresses
Name : TestUser1
Alias : TestUser1
EmailAddresses : {SMTP:TestUser1@contoso.com}
In the second example, the output of the Get-Mailbox cmdlet is piped to the Format-List cmdlet, together with specific properties. As you can see, the format and content of the output is significantly different.
Get-Mailbox TestUser1 | Format-List -Property Name, Alias, Email*
Name : Test User
Alias : TestUser1
EmailAddresses : {SMTP:TestUser1@contoso.com}
EmailAddressPolicyEnabled : True
In the last example, the output of the Get-Mailbox cmdlet is piped to the Format-List cmdlet as in the second example. However, in the last example, a wildcard character is used to match all properties that start with Email.
If more than one object is passed to the Format-List cmdlet, all specified properties for an object are displayed and grouped by object. The display order depends on the default parameter for the cmdlet. The default parameter is most frequently the Name parameter or the Identity parameter. For example, when the Get-Childitem cmdlet is called, the default display order is file names in alphabetical order. To change this behavior, you must call the Format-List cmdlet, together with the GroupBy parameter, and the name of a property value by which you want to group the output. For example, the following command lists all files in a directory and then groups these files by extension.
Get-Childitem | Format-List Name,Length -GroupBy Extension
Extension: .xml
Name : Config_01.xml
Length : 5627
Name : Config_02.xml
Length : 3901
Extension: .bmp
Name : Image_01.bmp
Length : 746550
Name : Image_02.bmp
Length : 746550
Extension: .txt
Name : Text_01.txt
Length : 16822
Name : Text_02.txt
Length : 9835
In this example, the Format-List cmdlet has grouped the items by the Extension property that is specified by the GroupBy parameter. You can use the GroupBy parameter with any valid property for the objects in the pipeline stream.
Format-Table
The Format-Table cmdlet lets you display items in a table format with label headers and columns of property data. By default, many cmdlets, such as the Get-Process and Get-Service cmdlets, use the table format for output. Parameters for the Format-Table cmdlet include the Properties and GroupBy parameters. These parameters work exactly as they do with Format-List cmdlet.
The Format-Table cmdlet also uses the Wrap parameter. This parameter enables long lines of property information to display completely instead of truncating at the end of a line. To see how the Wrap parameter is used to display returned information, compare the output of the Get-Command command in the following two examples.
In the first example, when the Get-Command cmdlet is used to display command information about the Get-Process cmdlet, the information for the Definition property is truncated.
Get-Command Get-Process | Format-Table Name,Definition
Name Definition
---- ----------
get-process get-process [[-ProcessName] String[]...
In the second example, the Wrap parameter is added to the command to force the complete contents of the Definition property to display.
Get-Command Get-Process | Format-Table Name,Definition -Wrap
Get-Process Get-Process [[-Name] <String[]>] [-Comp
uterName <String[]>] [-Module] [-FileVe
rsionInfo] [-Verbose] [-Debug] [-ErrorA
ction <ActionPreference>] [-WarningActi
on <ActionPreference>] [-ErrorVariable
<String>] [-WarningVariable <String>] [
-OutVariable <String>] [-OutBuffer <Int
32>]
Get-Process -Id <Int32[]> [-ComputerNam
e <String[]>] [-Module] [-FileVersionIn
fo] [-Verbose] [-Debug] [-ErrorAction <
ActionPreference>] [-WarningAction <Act
ionPreference>] [-ErrorVariable <String
>] [-WarningVariable <String>] [-OutVar
iable <String>] [-OutBuffer <Int32>]
Get-Process [-ComputerName <String[]>]
[-Module] [-FileVersionInfo] -InputObje
ct <Process[]> [-Verbose] [-Debug] [-Er
rorAction <ActionPreference>] [-Warning
Action <ActionPreference>] [-ErrorVaria
ble <String>] [-WarningVariable <String
>] [-OutVariable <String>] [-OutBuffer
<Int32>]
As with the Format-List cmdlet, you can also specify a wildcard character "*" with a partial property name. By including a wildcard character, you can match multiple properties without typing each property name individually.
Format-Wide
The Format-Wide cmdlet provides a much simpler output control than the other format cmdlets. By default, the Format-Wide cmdlet tries to display as many columns of property values as possible on a line of output. By adding parameters, you can control the number of columns and how the output space is used.
In the most basic usage, calling the Format-Wide cmdlet without any parameters arranges the output in as many columns as will fit the page. For example, if you run the Get-Childitem cmdlet and pipe its output to the Format-Wide cmdlet, you will see the following display of information:
Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide
Directory: FileSystem::C:\WorkingFolder
Config_01.xml Config_02.xml
Config_03.xml Config_04.xml
Config_05.xml Config_06.xml
Config_07.xml Config_08.xml
Config_09.xml Image_01.bmp
Image_02.bmp Image_03.bmp
Image_04.bmp Image_05.bmp
Image_06.bmp Text_01.txt
Text_02.txt Text_03.txt
Text_04.txt Text_05.txt
Text_06.txt Text_07.txt
Text_08.txt Text_09.txt
Text_10.txt Text_11.txt
Text_12.txt
Generally, calling the Get-Childitem cmdlet without any parameters displays the names of all files in the directory in a table of properties. In this example, by piping the output of the Get-Childitem cmdlet to the Format-Wide cmdlet, the output was displayed in two columns of names. Notice that only one property type can be displayed at a time, specified by a property name that follows the Format-Wide cmdlet. If you add the Autosize parameter, the output is changed from two columns to as many as can fit the screen width.
Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide -AutoSize
Directory: FileSystem::C:\WorkingFolder
Config_01.xml Config_02.xml Config_03.xml Config_04.xml Config_05.xml
Config_06.xml Config_07.xml Config_08.xml Config_09.xml Image_01.bmp
Image_02.bmp Image_03.bmp Image_04.bmp Image_05.bmp Image_06.bmp
Text_01.txt Text_02.txt Text_03.txt Text_04.txt Text_05.txt
Text_06.txt Text_07.txt Text_08.txt Text_09.txt Text_10.txt
Text_11.txt Text_12.txt
In this example, the table is arranged in five columns, instead of two columns. The Column parameter offers more control by letting you specify the maximum number of columns to display information as follows:
Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide -Column 4
Directory: FileSystem::C:\WorkingFolder
Config_01.xml Config_02.xml Config_03.xml Config_04.xml
Config_05.xml Config_06.xml Config_07.xml Config_08.xml
Config_09.xml Image_01.bmp Image_02.bmp Image_03.bmp
Image_04.bmp Image_05.bmp Image_06.bmp Text_01.txt
Text_02.txt Text_03.txt Text_04.txt Text_05.txt
Text_06.txt Text_07.txt Text_08.txt Text_09.txt
Text_10.txt Text_11.txt Text_12.txt
In this example, the number of columns is forced to four by using the Column parameter.
How to Output Data
Out-Host and Out-File
The Out-Host cmdlet is an unseen default cmdlet at the end of the pipeline. After all formatting is applied, the Out-Host cmdlet sends the final output to the console window for display. You don't have to explicitly call the Out-Host cmdlet, because it is the default output. You can override sending the output to the console window by calling the Out-File cmdlet as the last cmdlet in the command. The Out-File cmdlet then writes the output to the file that you specify in the command as in the following example:
Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide -Column 4 | Out-File c:\OutputFile.txt
In this example, the Out-File cmdlet writes the information that is displayed in the Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide -Column 4 command to a file that is named OutputFile.txt. You can also redirect pipeline output to a file by using the redirection operator, which is the right-angle bracket ( > ). To append pipeline output of a command to an existing file without replacing the original file, use the double right-angle brackets ( >> ), as in the following example:
Get-ChildItem | Format-Wide -Column 4 >> C:\OutputFile.txt
In this example, the output from the Get-Childitem cmdlet is piped to the Format-Wide cmdlet for formatting and then is written to the end of the OutputFile.txt file. Notice that if the OutputFile.txt file did not exist, use of the double right-angle brackets ( >> ) would create the file.
For more information about pipelines, see Pipelining.
For more information about the syntax used in the previous examples, see Syntax.
Viewing Data in Internet Explorer
Because of the flexibility and ease of scripting in the Exchange Management Shell, you can take the data that is returned by commands and format and output them in almost limitless ways.
The following example shows how you can use a simple script to output the data that is returned by a command and display it in Internet Explorer. This script takes the objects that are passed through the pipeline, opens an Internet Explorer window, and then displays the data in Internet Explorer:
$Ie = New-Object -Com InternetExplorer.Application
$Ie.Navigate("about:blank")
While ($Ie.Busy) { Sleep 1 }
$Ie.Visible = $True
$Ie.Document.Write("$Input")
# If the previous line doesn't work on your system, uncomment the line below.
# $Ie.Document.IHtmlDocument2_Write(\"$Input\")
$Ie
To use this script, save it to the C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Exchange Server\V14\Scripts directory on the computer where the script will be run. Name the file Out-Ie.ps1. After you save the file, you can then use the script as a regular cmdlet.
Note
To run scripts in Exchange 2010, scripts must be added to an unscoped management role and you must be assigned the management role either directly or through a management role group. For more information, see Understanding Management Roles.
The Out-Ie script assumes that the data it receives is valid HTML. To convert the data that you want to view into HTML, you must pipe the results of your command to the ConvertTo-Html cmdlet. You can then pipe the results of that command to the Out-Ie script. The following example shows how to view a directory listing in an Internet Explorer window:
Get-ChildItem | Select Name,Length | ConvertTo-Html | Out-Ie
How to Filter Data
The Shell gives you access to a large quantity of information about your servers, mailboxes, Active Directory directory service, and other objects in your organization. Although access to this information helps you better understand your environment, this large quantity of information can be overwhelming. The Shell lets you control this information and return only the data that you want to see by using filtering. The following two types of filtering are available:
- Server-side filtering Server-side filtering takes the filter that you specify on the command line and submits it to the Exchange server that you query. That server processes the query and returns only the data that matches the filter that you specified.
Server-side filtering is performed only on objects where tens or hundreds of thousands of results could be returned. Therefore, only the recipient management cmdlets, such as the Get-Mailbox cmdlet, and queue management cmdlets, such as the Get-Queue cmdlet, support server-side filtering. These cmdlets support the Filter parameter. This parameter takes the filter expression that you specify and submits it to the server for processing. - Client-side filtering Client-side filtering is performed on the objects in the local console window in which you are currently working. When you use client-side filtering, the cmdlet retrieves all the objects that match the task that you are performing to the local console window. The Shell then takes all the returned results, applies the client-side filter to those results, and returns to you only the results that match your filter. All cmdlets support client-side filtering. This is invoked by piping the results of a command to the Where-Object cmdlet.
Server-Side Filtering
The implementation of server-side filtering is specific to the cmdlet on which it is supported. Server-side filtering is enabled only on specific properties on the objects that are returned.
For more information about how to manage recipients by using server-side filtering, see Creating Filters in Recipient Commands. For more information about how to manage queues by using server-side filtering, see Filter Queues.
Client-Side Filtering
Client-side filtering can be used with any cmdlet. This capability includes those cmdlets that also support server-side filtering. As described earlier in this topic, client-side filtering accepts all the data that is returned by a previous command in the pipeline, and in turn, returns only the results that match the filter that you specify. The Where-Object cmdlet performs this filtering. It can be shortened to Where.
As data passes through the pipeline, the Where cmdlet receives the data from the previous object and then filters the data before passing it on to the next object. The filtering is based on a script block that is defined in the Where command. The script block filters data based on the object’s properties and values.
The Clear-Host cmdlet is used to clear the console window. In this example, you can find all the defined aliases for the Clear-Host cmdlet if you run the following command:
Get-Alias | Where {$_.Definition -eq "Clear-Host"}
CommandType Name Definition
----------- ---- ----------
Alias clear clear-host
Alias cls clear-host
The Get-Alias cmdlet and the Where command work together to return the list of aliases that are defined for the Clear-Host cmdlet and no other cmdlets. The following table outlines each element of the Where command that is used in the example.
Elements of the Where command
| Element | Description |
|---|---|
|
Braces enclose the script block that defines the filter. |
|
This special variable automatically initiates and binds to the objects in the pipeline. |
|
The |
|
This comparison operator for “equal to” is used to specify that the results must exactly match the property value that is supplied in the expression. |
"Clear-Host" |
In this example, "Clear-Host" is the value for which the command is parsing. |
In the example, the objects that are returned by the Get-Alias cmdlet represent all the defined aliases on the system. Even though you don't see them from the command line, the aliases are collected and passed to the Where cmdlet through the pipeline. The Where cmdlet uses the information in the script block to apply a filter to the alias objects.
The special variable $_represents the objects that are being passed. The $_variable is automatically initiated by the Shell and is bound to the current pipeline object. For more information about this special variable, see Shell Variables.
Using standard "dot" notation (object.property), the Definition property is added to define the exact property of the object to evaluate. The -eq comparison operator then compares the value of this property to "Clear-Host". Only the objects that have the Definition property that match this criterion are passed to the console window for output. For more information about comparison operators, see Comparison Operators.
After the Where command has filtered the objects returned by the Get-Alias cmdlet, you can pipe the filtered objects to another command. The next command processes only the filtered objects returned by the Where command.