Hello Christopher Dorsey
Welcome to Microsoft Q&A Platform, thanks for posting your query here.
Based on the details shared, the issue seems to be mostly issue when setting up the managed identity.
From the node are you able to see connect to Azure using "connect-azaccount -identity"?
Also, ensure that the managed identity for the nodes in the cluster has been added with the Key Vault Secrets User to the Key Vault the credentials are stored and finally that the secret name "LocalAdminCredential" is present in the Key Vault secrets.
Hope this helps.