ASP.NET Core Blazor routing and navigation
Note
This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.
Warning
This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see .NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.
Important
This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.
For the current release, see the .NET 8 version of this article.
This article explains how to manage Blazor app request routing and how to use the NavLink component to create navigation links.
Important
Code examples throughout this article show methods called on Navigation
, which is an injected NavigationManager in classes and components.
Static versus interactive routing
This section applies to Blazor Web Apps.
If prerendering is enabled, the Blazor router (Router
component, <Router>
in Routes.razor
) performs static routing to components during static server-side rendering (static SSR). This type of routing is called static routing.
When an interactive render mode is assigned to the Routes
component, the Blazor router becomes interactive after static SSR with static routing on the server. This type of routing is called interactive routing.
Static routers use endpoint routing and the HTTP request path to determine which component to render. When the router becomes interactive, it uses the document's URL (the URL in the browser's address bar) to determine which component to render. This means that the interactive router can dynamically change which component is rendered if the document's URL dynamically changes to another valid internal URL, and it can do so without performing an HTTP request to fetch new page content.
Interactive routing also prevents prerendering because new page content isn't requested from the server with a normal page request. For more information, see Prerender ASP.NET Core Razor components.
Route templates
The Router component enables routing to Razor components and is located in the app's Routes
component (Components/Routes.razor
).
The Router component enables routing to Razor components. The Router component is used in the App
component (App.razor
).
When a Razor component (.razor
) with an @page
directive is compiled, the generated component class is provided a RouteAttribute specifying the component's route template.
When the app starts, the assembly specified as the Router's AppAssembly
is scanned to gather route information for the app's components that have a RouteAttribute.
At runtime, the RouteView component:
- Receives the RouteData from the Router along with any route parameters.
- Renders the specified component with its layout, including any further nested layouts.
Optionally specify a DefaultLayout parameter with a layout class for components that don't specify a layout with the @layout
directive. The framework's Blazor project templates specify the MainLayout
component (MainLayout.razor
) as the app's default layout. For more information on layouts, see ASP.NET Core Blazor layouts.
Components support multiple route templates using multiple @page
directives. The following example component loads on requests for /blazor-route
and /different-blazor-route
.
BlazorRoute.razor
:
@page "/blazor-route"
@page "/different-blazor-route"
<PageTitle>Routing</PageTitle>
<h1>Routing Example</h1>
<p>
This page is reached at either <code>/blazor-route</code> or
<code>/different-blazor-route</code>.
</p>
@page "/blazor-route"
@page "/different-blazor-route"
<h1>Blazor routing</h1>
@page "/blazor-route"
@page "/different-blazor-route"
<h1>Blazor routing</h1>
@page "/blazor-route"
@page "/different-blazor-route"
<h1>Blazor routing</h1>
@page "/blazor-route"
@page "/different-blazor-route"
<h1>Blazor routing</h1>
Important
For URLs to resolve correctly, the app must include a <base>
tag (location of <head>
content) with the app base path specified in the href
attribute. For more information, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.
The Router doesn't interact with query string values. To work with query strings, see the Query strings section.
As an alternative to specifying the route template as a string literal with the @page
directive, constant-based route templates can be specified with the @attribute
directive.
In the following example, the @page
directive in a component is replaced with the @attribute
directive and the constant-based route template in Constants.CounterRoute
, which is set elsewhere in the app to "/counter
":
- @page "/counter"
+ @attribute [Route(Constants.CounterRoute)]
Note
With the release of ASP.NET Core 5.0.1 and for any additional 5.x releases, the Router
component includes the PreferExactMatches
parameter set to @true
. For more information, see Migrate from ASP.NET Core 3.1 to 5.0.
Focus an element on navigation
The FocusOnNavigate component sets the UI focus to an element based on a CSS selector after navigating from one page to another.
<FocusOnNavigate RouteData="routeData" Selector="h1" />
When the Router component navigates to a new page, the FocusOnNavigate component sets the focus to the page's top-level header (<h1>
). This is a common strategy for ensuring that a page navigation is announced when using a screen reader.
Provide custom content when content isn't found
The Router component allows the app to specify custom content if content isn't found for the requested route.
Set custom content for the Router component's NotFound parameter:
<Router ...>
...
<NotFound>
...
</NotFound>
</Router>
Arbitrary items are supported as content of the NotFound parameter, such as other interactive components. To apply a default layout to NotFound content, see ASP.NET Core Blazor layouts.
Important
Blazor Web Apps don't use the NotFound parameter (<NotFound>...</NotFound>
markup), but the parameter is supported for backward compatibility to avoid a breaking change in the framework. The server-side ASP.NET Core middleware pipeline processes requests on the server. Use server-side techniques to handle bad requests. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Blazor render modes.
Route to components from multiple assemblies
This section applies to Blazor Web Apps.
Use the Router component's AdditionalAssemblies parameter and the endpoint convention builder AddAdditionalAssemblies to discover routable components in additional assemblies. The following subsections explain when and how to use each API.
Static routing
To discover routable components from additional assemblies for static server-side rendering (static SSR), even if the router later becomes interactive for interactive rendering, the assemblies must be disclosed to the Blazor framework. Call the AddAdditionalAssemblies method with the additional assemblies chained to MapRazorComponents in the server project's Program
file.
The following example includes the routable components in the BlazorSample.Client
project's assembly using the project's _Imports.razor
file:
app.MapRazorComponents<App>()
.AddAdditionalAssemblies(typeof(BlazorSample.Client._Imports).Assembly);
Note
The preceding guidance also applies in component class library scenarios. Additional important guidance for class libraries and static SSR is found in ASP.NET Core Razor class libraries (RCLs) with static server-side rendering (static SSR).
Interactive routing
An interactive render mode can be assigned to the Routes
component (Routes.razor
) that makes the Blazor router become interactive after static SSR and static routing on the server. For example, <Routes @rendermode="InteractiveServer" />
assigns interactive server-side rendering (interactive SSR) to the Routes
component. The Router
component inherits interactive server-side rendering (interactive SSR) from the Routes
component. The router becomes interactive after static routing on the server.
Internal navigation for interactive routing doesn't involve requesting new page content from the server. Therefore, prerendering doesn't occur for internal page requests. For more information, see Prerender ASP.NET Core Razor components.
If the Routes
component is defined in the server project, the AdditionalAssemblies parameter of the Router
component should include the .Client
project's assembly. This allows the router to work correctly when rendered interactively.
In the following example, the Routes
component is in the server project, and the _Imports.razor
file of the BlazorSample.Client
project indicates the assembly to search for routable components:
<Router
AppAssembly="..."
AdditionalAssemblies="new[] { typeof(BlazorSample.Client._Imports).Assembly }">
...
</Router>
Additional assemblies are scanned in addition to the assembly specified to AppAssembly.
Note
The preceding guidance also applies in component class library scenarios.
Alternatively, routable components only exist in the .Client
project with global Interactive WebAssembly or Auto rendering applied, and the Routes
component is defined in the .Client
project, not the server project. In this case, there aren't external assemblies with routable components, so it isn't necessary to specify a value for AdditionalAssemblies.
This section applies to Blazor Server apps.
Use the Router component's AdditionalAssemblies parameter and the endpoint convention builder AddAdditionalAssemblies to discover routable components in additional assemblies.
In the following example, Component1
is a routable component defined in a referenced component class library named ComponentLibrary
:
<Router
AppAssembly="..."
AdditionalAssemblies="new[] { typeof(ComponentLibrary.Component1).Assembly }">
...
</Router>
Additional assemblies are scanned in addition to the assembly specified to AppAssembly.
Route parameters
The router uses route parameters to populate the corresponding component parameters with the same name. Route parameter names are case insensitive. In the following example, the text
parameter assigns the value of the route segment to the component's Text
property. When a request is made for /route-parameter-1/amazing
, the content is rendered as Blazor is amazing!
.
RouteParameter1.razor
:
@page "/route-parameter-1/{text}"
<PageTitle>Route Parameter 1</PageTitle>
<h1>Route Parameter Example 1</h1>
<p>Blazor is @Text!</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
}
@page "/route-parameter-1/{text}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
}
@page "/route-parameter-1/{text}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
}
@page "/route-parameter-1/{text}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Text { get; set; }
}
@page "/route-parameter-1/{text}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Text { get; set; }
}
Optional parameters are supported. In the following example, the text
optional parameter assigns the value of the route segment to the component's Text
property. If the segment isn't present, the value of Text
is set to fantastic
.
Optional parameters aren't supported. In the following example, two @page
directives are applied. The first directive permits navigation to the component without a parameter. The second directive assigns the {text}
route parameter value to the component's Text
property.
RouteParameter2.razor
:
@page "/route-parameter-2/{text?}"
<PageTitle>Route Parameter 2</PageTitle>
<h1>Route Parameter Example 2</h1>
<p>Blazor is @Text!</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
protected override void OnParametersSet()
{
Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
}
}
@page "/route-parameter-2/{text?}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
protected override void OnParametersSet()
{
Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
}
}
@page "/route-parameter-2/{text?}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Text { get; set; }
protected override void OnParametersSet()
{
Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
}
}
@page "/route-parameter-2/{text?}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Text { get; set; }
protected override void OnParametersSet()
{
Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
}
}
@page "/route-parameter-2"
@page "/route-parameter-2/{text}"
<h1>Blazor is @Text!</h1>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Text { get; set; }
protected override void OnParametersSet()
{
Text = Text ?? "fantastic";
}
}
When the OnInitialized{Async}
method is used instead of OnParametersSet
, the default assignment of the Text
property to fantastic
doesn't occur if the user navigates within the same component. For example, this situation arises when the user navigates from /route-parameter-2/amazing
to /route-parameter-2
. As the component instance persists and accepts new parameters, the OnInitialized
method isn't invoked again.
Note
Route parameters don't work with query string values. To work with query strings, see the Query strings section.
Route constraints
A route constraint enforces type matching on a route segment to a component.
In the following example, the route to the User
component only matches if:
- An
Id
route segment is present in the request URL. - The
Id
segment is an integer (int
) type.
User.razor
:
@page "/user/{Id:int}"
<PageTitle>User</PageTitle>
<h1>User Example</h1>
<p>User Id: @Id</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public int Id { get; set; }
}
Note
Route constraints don't work with query string values. To work with query strings, see the Query strings section.
The route constraints shown in the following table are available. For the route constraints that match the invariant culture, see the warning below the table for more information.
Constraint | Example | Example Matches | Invariant culture matching |
---|---|---|---|
bool |
{active:bool} |
true , FALSE |
No |
datetime |
{dob:datetime} |
2016-12-31 , 2016-12-31 7:32pm |
Yes |
decimal |
{price:decimal} |
49.99 , -1,000.01 |
Yes |
double |
{weight:double} |
1.234 , -1,001.01e8 |
Yes |
float |
{weight:float} |
1.234 , -1,001.01e8 |
Yes |
guid |
{id:guid} |
CD2C1638-1638-72D5-1638-DEADBEEF1638 , {CD2C1638-1638-72D5-1638-DEADBEEF1638} |
No |
int |
{id:int} |
123456789 , -123456789 |
Yes |
long |
{ticks:long} |
123456789 , -123456789 |
Yes |
nonfile |
{parameter:nonfile} |
Not BlazorSample.styles.css , not favicon.ico |
Yes |
Warning
Route constraints that verify the URL and are converted to a CLR type (such as int
or DateTime) always use the invariant culture. These constraints assume that the URL is non-localizable.
Route constraints also work with optional parameters. In the following example, Id
is required, but Option
is an optional boolean route parameter.
User.razor
:
@page "/user/{id:int}/{option:bool?}"
<p>
Id: @Id
</p>
<p>
Option: @Option
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public int Id { get; set; }
[Parameter]
public bool Option { get; set; }
}
Avoid file capture in a route parameter
The following route template inadvertently captures static asset paths in its optional route parameter (Optional
). For example, the app's stylesheet (.styles.css
) is captured, which breaks the app's styles:
@page "/{optional?}"
...
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Optional { get; set; }
}
To restrict a route parameter to capturing non-file paths, use the :nonfile
constraint in the route template:
@page "/{optional:nonfile?}"
Routing with URLs that contain dots
A server-side default route template assumes that if the last segment of a request URL contains a dot (.
) that a file is requested. For example, the relative URL /example/some.thing
is interpreted by the router as a request for a file named some.thing
. Without additional configuration, an app returns a 404 - Not Found response if some.thing
was meant to route to a component with an @page
directive and some.thing
is a route parameter value. To use a route with one or more parameters that contain a dot, the app must configure the route with a custom template.
Consider the following Example
component that can receive a route parameter from the last segment of the URL.
Example.razor
:
@page "/example/{param?}"
<p>
Param: @Param
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Param { get; set; }
}
@page "/example/{param?}"
<p>
Param: @Param
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? Param { get; set; }
}
@page "/example/{param?}"
<p>
Param: @Param
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Param { get; set; }
}
@page "/example"
@page "/example/{param}"
<p>
Param: @Param
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string Param { get; set; }
}
To permit the Server app of a hosted Blazor WebAssembly solution to route the request with a dot in the param
route parameter, add a fallback file route template with the optional parameter in the Program
file:
app.MapFallbackToFile("/example/{param?}", "index.html");
To configure a Blazor Server app to route the request with a dot in the param
route parameter, add a fallback page route template with the optional parameter in the Program
file:
app.MapFallbackToPage("/example/{param?}", "/_Host");
For more information, see Routing in ASP.NET Core.
To permit the Server app of a hosted Blazor WebAssembly solution to route the request with a dot in the param
route parameter, add a fallback file route template with the optional parameter in Startup.Configure
.
Startup.cs
:
endpoints.MapFallbackToFile("/example/{param?}", "index.html");
To configure a Blazor Server app to route the request with a dot in the param
route parameter, add a fallback page route template with the optional parameter in Startup.Configure
.
Startup.cs
:
endpoints.MapFallbackToPage("/example/{param?}", "/_Host");
For more information, see Routing in ASP.NET Core.
Catch-all route parameters
Catch-all route parameters, which capture paths across multiple folder boundaries, are supported in components.
Catch-all route parameters are:
- Named to match the route segment name. Naming isn't case-sensitive.
- A
string
type. The framework doesn't provide automatic casting. - At the end of the URL.
CatchAll.razor
:
@page "/catch-all/{*pageRoute}"
<PageTitle>Catch All</PageTitle>
<h1>Catch All Parameters Example</h1>
<p>Add some URI segments to the route and request the page again.</p>
<p>
PageRoute: @PageRoute
</p>
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? PageRoute { get; set; }
}
@page "/catch-all/{*pageRoute}"
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? PageRoute { get; set; }
}
@page "/catch-all/{*pageRoute}"
@code {
[Parameter]
public string? PageRoute { get; set; }
}
@page "/catch-all/{*pageRoute}"
@code {
[Parameter]
public string PageRoute { get; set; }
}
For the URL /catch-all/this/is/a/test
with a route template of /catch-all/{*pageRoute}
, the value of PageRoute
is set to this/is/a/test
.
Slashes and segments of the captured path are decoded. For a route template of /catch-all/{*pageRoute}
, the URL /catch-all/this/is/a%2Ftest%2A
yields this/is/a/test*
.
URI and navigation state helpers
Use NavigationManager to manage URIs and navigation in C# code. NavigationManager provides the event and methods shown in the following table.
Member | Description |
---|---|
Uri | Gets the current absolute URI. |
BaseUri | Gets the base URI (with a trailing slash) that can be prepended to relative URI paths to produce an absolute URI. Typically, BaseUri corresponds to the href attribute on the document's <base> element (location of <head> content). |
NavigateTo | Navigates to the specified URI. If forceLoad is false :
forceLoad is true :
For more information, see the Enhanced navigation and form handling section. If |
LocationChanged | An event that fires when the navigation location has changed. For more information, see the Location changes section. |
ToAbsoluteUri | Converts a relative URI into an absolute URI. |
ToBaseRelativePath | Based on the app's base URI, converts an absolute URI into a URI relative to the base URI prefix. For an example, see the Produce a URI relative to the base URI prefix section. |
RegisterLocationChangingHandler |
Registers a handler to process incoming navigation events. Calling NavigateTo always invokes the handler. |
GetUriWithQueryParameter | Returns a URI constructed by updating NavigationManager.Uri with a single parameter added, updated, or removed. For more information, see the Query strings section. |
Member | Description |
---|---|
Uri | Gets the current absolute URI. |
BaseUri | Gets the base URI (with a trailing slash) that can be prepended to relative URI paths to produce an absolute URI. Typically, BaseUri corresponds to the href attribute on the document's <base> element (location of <head> content). |
NavigateTo | Navigates to the specified URI. If forceLoad is true :
replace is true , the current URI in the browser history is replaced instead of pushing a new URI onto the history stack. |
LocationChanged | An event that fires when the navigation location has changed. For more information, see the Location changes section. |
ToAbsoluteUri | Converts a relative URI into an absolute URI. |
ToBaseRelativePath | Based on the app's base URI, converts an absolute URI into a URI relative to the base URI prefix. For an example, see the Produce a URI relative to the base URI prefix section. |
RegisterLocationChangingHandler |
Registers a handler to process incoming navigation events. Calling NavigateTo always invokes the handler. |
GetUriWithQueryParameter | Returns a URI constructed by updating NavigationManager.Uri with a single parameter added, updated, or removed. For more information, see the Query strings section. |
Member | Description |
---|---|
Uri | Gets the current absolute URI. |
BaseUri | Gets the base URI (with a trailing slash) that can be prepended to relative URI paths to produce an absolute URI. Typically, BaseUri corresponds to the href attribute on the document's <base> element (location of <head> content). |
NavigateTo | Navigates to the specified URI. If forceLoad is true :
replace is true , the current URI in the browser history is replaced instead of pushing a new URI onto the history stack. |
LocationChanged | An event that fires when the navigation location has changed. For more information, see the Location changes section. |
ToAbsoluteUri | Converts a relative URI into an absolute URI. |
ToBaseRelativePath | Based on the app's base URI, converts an absolute URI into a URI relative to the base URI prefix. For an example, see the Produce a URI relative to the base URI prefix section. |
GetUriWithQueryParameter | Returns a URI constructed by updating NavigationManager.Uri with a single parameter added, updated, or removed. For more information, see the Query strings section. |
Member | Description |
---|---|
Uri | Gets the current absolute URI. |
BaseUri | Gets the base URI (with a trailing slash) that can be prepended to relative URI paths to produce an absolute URI. Typically, BaseUri corresponds to the href attribute on the document's <base> element (location of <head> content). |
NavigateTo | Navigates to the specified URI. If forceLoad is true :
|
LocationChanged | An event that fires when the navigation location has changed. |
ToAbsoluteUri | Converts a relative URI into an absolute URI. |
ToBaseRelativePath | Based on the app's base URI, converts an absolute URI into a URI relative to the base URI prefix. For an example, see the Produce a URI relative to the base URI prefix section. |
Location changes
For the LocationChanged event, LocationChangedEventArgs provides the following information about navigation events:
- Location: The URL of the new location.
- IsNavigationIntercepted: If
true
, Blazor intercepted the navigation from the browser. Iffalse
, NavigationManager.NavigateTo caused the navigation to occur.
The following component:
- Navigates to the app's
Counter
component (Counter.razor
) when the button is selected using NavigateTo. - Handles the location changed event by subscribing to NavigationManager.LocationChanged.
The
HandleLocationChanged
method is unhooked whenDispose
is called by the framework. Unhooking the method permits garbage collection of the component.The logger implementation logs the following information when the button is selected:
BlazorSample.Pages.Navigate: Information: URL of new location: https://localhost:{PORT}/counter
Navigate.razor
:
@page "/navigate"
@implements IDisposable
@inject ILogger<Navigate> Logger
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<PageTitle>Navigate</PageTitle>
<h1>Navigate Example</h1>
<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="NavigateToCounterComponent">
Navigate to the Counter component
</button>
@code {
private void NavigateToCounterComponent()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("counter");
}
protected override void OnInitialized()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged += HandleLocationChanged;
}
private void HandleLocationChanged(object? sender, LocationChangedEventArgs e)
{
Logger.LogInformation("URL of new location: {Location}", e.Location);
}
public void Dispose()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged -= HandleLocationChanged;
}
}
@page "/navigate"
@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@implements IDisposable
@inject ILogger<Navigate> Logger
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<h1>Navigate in component code example</h1>
<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="NavigateToCounterComponent">
Navigate to the Counter component
</button>
@code {
private void NavigateToCounterComponent()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("counter");
}
protected override void OnInitialized()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged += HandleLocationChanged;
}
private void HandleLocationChanged(object? sender, LocationChangedEventArgs e)
{
Logger.LogInformation("URL of new location: {Location}", e.Location);
}
public void Dispose()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged -= HandleLocationChanged;
}
}
@page "/navigate"
@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@implements IDisposable
@inject ILogger<Navigate> Logger
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<h1>Navigate in component code example</h1>
<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="NavigateToCounterComponent">
Navigate to the Counter component
</button>
@code {
private void NavigateToCounterComponent()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("counter");
}
protected override void OnInitialized()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged += HandleLocationChanged;
}
private void HandleLocationChanged(object? sender, LocationChangedEventArgs e)
{
Logger.LogInformation("URL of new location: {Location}", e.Location);
}
public void Dispose()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged -= HandleLocationChanged;
}
}
@page "/navigate"
@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@implements IDisposable
@inject ILogger<Navigate> Logger
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<h1>Navigate in component code example</h1>
<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="NavigateToCounterComponent">
Navigate to the Counter component
</button>
@code {
private void NavigateToCounterComponent()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("counter");
}
protected override void OnInitialized()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged += HandleLocationChanged;
}
private void HandleLocationChanged(object sender, LocationChangedEventArgs e)
{
Logger.LogInformation("URL of new location: {Location}", e.Location);
}
public void Dispose()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged -= HandleLocationChanged;
}
}
@page "/navigate"
@using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
@implements IDisposable
@inject ILogger<Navigate> Logger
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<h1>Navigate in component code example</h1>
<button class="btn btn-primary" @onclick="NavigateToCounterComponent">
Navigate to the Counter component
</button>
@code {
private void NavigateToCounterComponent()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("counter");
}
protected override void OnInitialized()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged += HandleLocationChanged;
}
private void HandleLocationChanged(object sender, LocationChangedEventArgs e)
{
Logger.LogInformation("URL of new location: {Location}", e.Location);
}
public void Dispose()
{
Navigation.LocationChanged -= HandleLocationChanged;
}
}
For more information on component disposal, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.
Enhanced navigation and form handling
This section applies to Blazor Web Apps.
Blazor Web Apps are capable of two types of routing for page navigation and form handling requests:
- Normal navigation (cross-document navigation): a full-page reload is triggered for the request URL.
- Enhanced navigation (same-document navigation): Blazor intercepts the request and performs a
fetch
request instead. Blazor then patches the response content into the page's DOM. Blazor's enhanced navigation and form handling avoid the need for a full-page reload and preserves more of the page state, so pages load faster, usually without losing the user's scroll position on the page.
Enhanced navigation is available when:
- The Blazor Web App script (
blazor.web.js
) is used, not the Blazor Server script (blazor.server.js
) or Blazor WebAssembly script (blazor.webassembly.js
). - The feature isn't explicitly disabled.
- The destination URL is within the internal base URI space (the app's base path).
If server-side routing and enhanced navigation are enabled, location changing handlers are only invoked for programmatic navigation initiated from an interactive runtime. In future releases, additional types of navigation, such as following a link, may also invoke location changing handlers.
When an enhanced navigation occurs, LocationChanged
event handlers registered with Interactive Server and WebAssembly runtimes are typically invoked. There are cases when location changing handlers might not intercept an enhanced navigation. For example, the user might switch to another page before an interactive runtime becomes available. Therefore, it's important that app logic not rely on invoking a location changing handler, as there's no guarantee of the handler executing.
When calling NavigateTo:
- If
forceLoad
isfalse
, which is the default:- And enhanced navigation is available at the current URL, Blazor's enhanced navigation is activated.
- Otherwise, Blazor performs a full-page reload for the requested URL.
- If
forceLoad
istrue
: Blazor performs a full-page reload for the requested URL, whether enhanced navigation is available or not.
You can refresh the current page by calling NavigationManager.Refresh(bool forceLoad = false)
, which always performs an enhanced navigation, if available. If enhanced navigation isn't available, Blazor performs a full-page reload.
Navigation.Refresh();
Pass true
to the forceLoad
parameter to ensure a full-page reload is always performed, even if enhanced navigation is available:
Navigation.Refresh(true);
Enhanced navigation is enabled by default, but it can be controlled hierarchically and on a per-link basis using the data-enhance-nav
HTML attribute.
The following examples disable enhanced navigation:
<a href="redirect" data-enhance-nav="false">
GET without enhanced navigation
</a>
<ul data-enhance-nav="false">
<li>
<a href="redirect">GET without enhanced navigation</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="redirect-2">GET without enhanced navigation</a>
</li>
</ul>
If the destination is a non-Blazor endpoint, enhanced navigation doesn't apply, and the client-side JavaScript retries as a full page load. This ensures no confusion to the framework about external pages that shouldn't be patched into an existing page.
To enable enhanced form handling, add the Enhance parameter to EditForm forms or the data-enhance
attribute to HTML forms (<form>
):
<EditForm ... Enhance ...>
...
</EditForm>
<form ... data-enhance ...>
...
</form>
Enhanced form handling isn't hierarchical and doesn't flow to child forms:
Unsupported: You can't set enhanced navigation on a form's ancestor element to enable enhanced navigation for the form.
<div ... data-enhance ...>
<form ...>
<!-- NOT enhanced -->
</form>
</div>
Enhanced form posts only work with Blazor endpoints. Posting an enhanced form to non-Blazor endpoint results in an error.
To disable enhanced navigation:
- For an EditForm, remove the Enhance parameter from the form element (or set it to
false
:Enhance="false"
). - For an HTML
<form>
, remove thedata-enhance
attribute from form element (or set it tofalse
:data-enhance="false"
).
Blazor's enhanced navigation and form handing may undo dynamic changes to the DOM if the updated content isn't part of the server rendering. To preserve the content of an element, use the data-permanent
attribute.
In the following example, the content of the <div>
element is updated dynamically by a script when the page loads:
<div data-permanent>
...
</div>
Once Blazor has started on the client, you can use the enhancedload
event to listen for enhanced page updates. This allows for re-applying changes to the DOM that may have been undone by an enhanced page update.
Blazor.addEventListener('enhancedload', () => console.log('Enhanced update!'));
To disable enhanced navigation and form handling globally, see ASP.NET Core Blazor startup.
Enhanced navigation with static server-side rendering (static SSR) requires special attention when loading JavaScript. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Blazor JavaScript with static server-side rendering (static SSR).
Produce a URI relative to the base URI prefix
Based on the app's base URI, ToBaseRelativePath converts an absolute URI into a URI relative to the base URI prefix.
Consider the following example:
try
{
baseRelativePath = Navigation.ToBaseRelativePath(inputURI);
}
catch (ArgumentException ex)
{
...
}
If the base URI of the app is https://localhost:8000
, the following results are obtained:
- Passing
https://localhost:8000/segment
ininputURI
results in abaseRelativePath
ofsegment
. - Passing
https://localhost:8000/segment1/segment2
ininputURI
results in abaseRelativePath
ofsegment1/segment2
.
If the base URI of the app doesn't match the base URI of inputURI
, an ArgumentException is thrown.
Passing https://localhost:8001/segment
in inputURI
results in the following exception:
System.ArgumentException: 'The URI 'https://localhost:8001/segment' is not contained by the base URI 'https://localhost:8000/'.'
Navigation history state
The NavigationManager uses the browser's History API to maintain navigation history state associated with each location change made by the app. Maintaining history state is particularly useful in external redirect scenarios, such as when authenticating users with external identity providers. For more information, see the Navigation options section.
Navigation options
Pass NavigationOptions to NavigateTo to control the following behaviors:
- ForceLoad: Bypass client-side routing and force the browser to load the new page from the server, whether or not the URI is handled by the client-side router. The default value is
false
. - ReplaceHistoryEntry: Replace the current entry in the history stack. If
false
, append the new entry to the history stack. The default value isfalse
. - HistoryEntryState: Gets or sets the state to append to the history entry.
Navigation.NavigateTo("/path", new NavigationOptions
{
HistoryEntryState = "Navigation state"
});
For more information on obtaining the state associated with the target history entry while handling location changes, see the Handle/prevent location changes section.
Query strings
Use the [SupplyParameterFromQuery]
attribute to specify that a component parameter comes from the query string.
Use the [SupplyParameterFromQuery]
attribute with the [Parameter]
attribute to specify that a component parameter of a routable component comes from the query string.
Note
Component parameters can only receive query parameter values in routable components with an @page
directive.
Only routable components directly receive query parameters in order to avoid subverting top-down information flow and to make parameter processing order clear, both by the framework and by the app. This design avoids subtle bugs in app code that was written assuming a specific parameter processing order. You're free to define custom cascading parameters or directly assign to regular component parameters in order to pass query parameter values to non-routable components.
Component parameters supplied from the query string support the following types:
bool
,DateTime
,decimal
,double
,float
,Guid
,int
,long
,string
.- Nullable variants of the preceding types.
- Arrays of the preceding types, whether they're nullable or not nullable.
The correct culture-invariant formatting is applied for the given type (CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).
Specify the [SupplyParameterFromQuery]
attribute's Name property to use a query parameter name different from the component parameter name. In the following example, the C# name of the component parameter is {COMPONENT PARAMETER NAME}
. A different query parameter name is specified for the {QUERY PARAMETER NAME}
placeholder:
[SupplyParameterFromQuery(Name = "{QUERY PARAMETER NAME}")]
public string? {COMPONENT PARAMETER NAME} { get; set; }
[Parameter]
[SupplyParameterFromQuery(Name = "{QUERY PARAMETER NAME}")]
public string? {COMPONENT PARAMETER NAME} { get; set; }
In the following example with a URL of /search?filter=scifi%20stars&page=3&star=LeVar%20Burton&star=Gary%20Oldman
:
- The
Filter
property resolves toscifi stars
. - The
Page
property resolves to3
. - The
Stars
array is filled from query parameters namedstar
(Name = "star"
) and resolves toLeVar Burton
andGary Oldman
.
Note
The query string parameters in the following routable page component also work in a non-routable component without an @page
directive (for example, Search.razor
for a shared Search
component used in other components).
Search.razor
:
@page "/search"
<h1>Search Example</h1>
<p>Filter: @Filter</p>
<p>Page: @Page</p>
@if (Stars is not null)
{
<p>Stars:</p>
<ul>
@foreach (var name in Stars)
{
<li>@name</li>
}
</ul>
}
@code {
[SupplyParameterFromQuery]
public string? Filter { get; set; }
[SupplyParameterFromQuery]
public int? Page { get; set; }
[SupplyParameterFromQuery(Name = "star")]
public string[]? Stars { get; set; }
}
Search.razor
:
@page "/search"
<h1>Search Example</h1>
<p>Filter: @Filter</p>
<p>Page: @Page</p>
@if (Stars is not null)
{
<p>Stars:</p>
<ul>
@foreach (var name in Stars)
{
<li>@name</li>
}
</ul>
}
@code {
[Parameter]
[SupplyParameterFromQuery]
public string? Filter { get; set; }
[Parameter]
[SupplyParameterFromQuery]
public int? Page { get; set; }
[Parameter]
[SupplyParameterFromQuery(Name = "star")]
public string[]? Stars { get; set; }
}
Use NavigationManager.GetUriWithQueryParameter
to add, change, or remove one or more query parameters on the current URL:
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
...
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameter("{NAME}", {VALUE})
For the preceding example:
- The
{NAME}
placeholder specifies the query parameter name. The{VALUE}
placeholder specifies the value as a supported type. Supported types are listed later in this section. - A string is returned equal to the current URL with a single parameter:
- Added if the query parameter name doesn't exist in the current URL.
- Updated to the value provided if the query parameter exists in the current URL.
- Removed if the type of the provided value is nullable and the value is
null
.
- The correct culture-invariant formatting is applied for the given type (CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).
- The query parameter name and value are URL-encoded.
- All of the values with the matching query parameter name are replaced if there are multiple instances of the type.
Call NavigationManager.GetUriWithQueryParameters
to create a URI constructed from Uri with multiple parameters added, updated, or removed. For each value, the framework uses value?.GetType()
to determine the runtime type for each query parameter and selects the correct culture-invariant formatting. The framework throws an error for unsupported types.
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
...
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameters({PARAMETERS})
The {PARAMETERS}
placeholder is an IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object>
.
Pass a URI string to GetUriWithQueryParameters to generate a new URI from a provided URI with multiple parameters added, updated, or removed. For each value, the framework uses value?.GetType()
to determine the runtime type for each query parameter and selects the correct culture-invariant formatting. The framework throws an error for unsupported types. Supported types are listed later in this section.
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
...
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameters("{URI}", {PARAMETERS})
- The
{URI}
placeholder is the URI with or without a query string. - The
{PARAMETERS}
placeholder is anIReadOnlyDictionary<string, object>
.
Supported types are identical to supported types for route constraints:
bool
DateTime
decimal
double
float
Guid
int
long
string
Supported types include:
- Nullable variants of the preceding types.
- Arrays of the preceding types, whether they're nullable or not nullable.
Warning
With compression, which is enabled by default, avoid creating secure (authenticated/authorized) interactive server-side components that render data from untrusted sources. Untrusted sources include route parameters, query strings, data from JS interop, and any other source of data that a third-party user can control (databases, external services). For more information, see ASP.NET Core Blazor SignalR guidance and Threat mitigation guidance for ASP.NET Core Blazor interactive server-side rendering.
Replace a query parameter value when the parameter exists
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameter("full name", "Morena Baccarin")
Current URL | Generated URL |
---|---|
scheme://host/?full%20name=David%20Krumholtz&age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&age=42 |
scheme://host/?fUlL%20nAmE=David%20Krumholtz&AgE=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&AgE=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Jewel%20Staite&age=42&full%20name=Summer%20Glau |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&age=42&full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin |
scheme://host/?full%20name=&age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name= |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin |
Append a query parameter and value when the parameter doesn't exist
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameter("name", "Morena Baccarin")
Current URL | Generated URL |
---|---|
scheme://host/?age=42 |
scheme://host/?age=42&name=Morena%20Baccarin |
scheme://host/ |
scheme://host/?name=Morena%20Baccarin |
scheme://host/? |
scheme://host/?name=Morena%20Baccarin |
Remove a query parameter when the parameter value is null
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameter("full name", (string)null)
Current URL | Generated URL |
---|---|
scheme://host/?full%20name=David%20Krumholtz&age=42 |
scheme://host/?age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Sally%20Smith&age=42&full%20name=Summer%20Glau |
scheme://host/?age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Sally%20Smith&age=42&FuLl%20NaMe=Summer%20Glau |
scheme://host/?age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=&age=42 |
scheme://host/?age=42 |
scheme://host/?full%20name= |
scheme://host/ |
Add, update, and remove query parameters
In the following example:
name
is removed, if present.age
is added with a value of25
(int
), if not present. If present,age
is updated to a value of25
.eye color
is added or updated to a value ofgreen
.
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameters(
new Dictionary<string, object?>
{
["name"] = null,
["age"] = (int?)25,
["eye color"] = "green"
})
Current URL | Generated URL |
---|---|
scheme://host/?name=David%20Krumholtz&age=42 |
scheme://host/?age=25&eye%20color=green |
scheme://host/?NaMe=David%20Krumholtz&AgE=42 |
scheme://host/?age=25&eye%20color=green |
scheme://host/?name=David%20Krumholtz&age=42&keepme=true |
scheme://host/?age=25&keepme=true&eye%20color=green |
scheme://host/?age=42&eye%20color=87 |
scheme://host/?age=25&eye%20color=green |
scheme://host/? |
scheme://host/?age=25&eye%20color=green |
scheme://host/ |
scheme://host/?age=25&eye%20color=green |
Support for enumerable values
In the following example:
full name
is added or updated toMorena Baccarin
, a single value.ping
parameters are added or replaced with35
,16
,87
and240
.
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameters(
new Dictionary<string, object?>
{
["full name"] = "Morena Baccarin",
["ping"] = new int?[] { 35, 16, null, 87, 240 }
})
Current URL | Generated URL |
---|---|
scheme://host/?full%20name=David%20Krumholtz&ping=8&ping=300 |
scheme://host/?full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&ping=35&ping=16&ping=87&ping=240 |
scheme://host/?ping=8&full%20name=David%20Krumholtz&ping=300 |
scheme://host/?ping=35&full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin&ping=16&ping=87&ping=240 |
scheme://host/?ping=8&ping=300&ping=50&ping=68&ping=42 |
scheme://host/?ping=35&ping=16&ping=87&ping=240&full%20name=Morena%20Baccarin |
Navigate with an added or modified query string
To navigate with an added or modified query string, pass a generated URL to NavigateTo.
The following example calls:
- GetUriWithQueryParameter to add or replace the
name
query parameter using a value ofMorena Baccarin
. - Calls NavigateTo to trigger navigation to the new URL.
Navigation.NavigateTo(
Navigation.GetUriWithQueryParameter("name", "Morena Baccarin"));
The query string of a request is obtained from the NavigationManager.Uri property:
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
...
var query = new Uri(Navigation.Uri).Query;
To parse a query string's parameters, one approach is to use URLSearchParams
with JavaScript (JS) interop:
export createQueryString = (string queryString) => new URLSearchParams(queryString);
For more information on JavaScript isolation with JavaScript modules, see Call JavaScript functions from .NET methods in ASP.NET Core Blazor.
Hashed routing to named elements
Navigate to a named element using the following approaches with a hashed (#
) reference to the element. Routes to elements within the component and routes to elements in external components use root-relative paths. A leading forward slash (/
) is optional.
Examples for each of the following approaches demonstrate navigation to an element with an id
of targetElement
in the Counter
component:
Anchor element (
<a>
) with anhref
:<a href="/counter#targetElement">
NavLink component with an
href
:<NavLink href="/counter#targetElement">
NavigationManager.NavigateTo passing the relative URL:
Navigation.NavigateTo("/counter#targetElement");
The following example demonstrates hashed routing to named H2 headings within a component and to external components.
In the Home
(Home.razor
) and Counter
(Counter.razor
) components, place the following markup at the bottoms of the existing component markup to serve as navigation targets. The <div>
creates artificial vertical space to demonstrate browser scrolling behavior:
<div class="border border-info rounded bg-info" style="height:500px"></div>
<h2 id="targetElement">Target H2 heading</h2>
<p>Content!</p>
Add the following HashedRouting
component to the app.
HashedRouting.razor
:
@page "/hashed-routing"
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<PageTitle>Hashed routing</PageTitle>
<h1>Hashed routing to named elements</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="/hashed-routing#targetElement">
Anchor in this component
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/#targetElement">
Anchor to the <code>Home</code> component
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/counter#targetElement">
Anchor to the <code>Counter</code> component
</a>
</li>
<li>
<NavLink href="/hashed-routing#targetElement">
Use a `NavLink` component in this component
</NavLink>
</li>
<li>
<button @onclick="NavigateToElement">
Navigate with <code>NavigationManager</code> to the
<code>Counter</code> component
</button>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="border border-info rounded bg-info" style="height:500px"></div>
<h2 id="targetElement">Target H2 heading</h2>
<p>Content!</p>
@code {
private void NavigateToElement()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("/counter#targetElement");
}
}
User interaction with <Navigating>
content
If there's a significant delay during navigation, such as while lazy-loading assemblies in a Blazor WebAssembly app or for a slow network connection to a Blazor server-side app, the Router component can indicate to the user that a page transition is occurring.
At the top of the component that specifies the Router component, add an @using
directive for the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing namespace:
@using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Routing
Provide content to the Navigating parameter for display during page transition events.
In the router element (<Router>...</Router>
) content:
<Navigating>
<p>Loading the requested page…</p>
</Navigating>
For an example that uses the Navigating property, see Lazy load assemblies in ASP.NET Core Blazor WebAssembly.
Handle asynchronous navigation events with OnNavigateAsync
The Router component supports an OnNavigateAsync feature. The OnNavigateAsync handler is invoked when the user:
- Visits a route for the first time by navigating to it directly in their browser.
- Navigates to a new route using a link or a NavigationManager.NavigateTo invocation.
<Router AppAssembly="typeof(App).Assembly"
OnNavigateAsync="OnNavigateAsync">
...
</Router>
@code {
private async Task OnNavigateAsync(NavigationContext args)
{
...
}
}
<Router AppAssembly="typeof(Program).Assembly"
OnNavigateAsync="OnNavigateAsync">
...
</Router>
@code {
private async Task OnNavigateAsync(NavigationContext args)
{
...
}
}
For an example that uses OnNavigateAsync, see Lazy load assemblies in ASP.NET Core Blazor WebAssembly.
When prerendering on the server, OnNavigateAsync is executed twice:
- Once when the requested endpoint component is initially rendered statically.
- A second time when the browser renders the endpoint component.
To prevent developer code in OnNavigateAsync from executing twice, the Routes
component can store the NavigationContext for use in OnAfterRender{Async}
, where firstRender
can be checked. For more information, see Prerendering with JavaScript interop in the Blazor Lifecycle article.
To prevent developer code in OnNavigateAsync from executing twice, the App
component can store the NavigationContext for use in OnAfterRender{Async}
, where firstRender
can be checked. For more information, see Prerendering with JavaScript interop in the Blazor Lifecycle article.
Handle cancellations in OnNavigateAsync
The NavigationContext object passed to the OnNavigateAsync callback contains a CancellationToken that's set when a new navigation event occurs. The OnNavigateAsync callback must throw when this cancellation token is set to avoid continuing to run the OnNavigateAsync callback on an outdated navigation.
If a user navigates to an endpoint but then immediately navigates to a new endpoint, the app shouldn't continue running the OnNavigateAsync callback for the first endpoint.
In the following example:
- The cancellation token is passed in the call to
PostAsJsonAsync
, which can cancel the POST if the user navigates away from the/about
endpoint. - The cancellation token is set during a product prefetch operation if the user navigates away from the
/store
endpoint.
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject ProductCatalog Products
<Router AppAssembly="typeof(App).Assembly"
OnNavigateAsync="OnNavigateAsync">
...
</Router>
@code {
private async Task OnNavigateAsync(NavigationContext context)
{
if (context.Path == "/about")
{
var stats = new Stats { Page = "/about" };
await Http.PostAsJsonAsync("api/visited", stats,
context.CancellationToken);
}
else if (context.Path == "/store")
{
var productIds = new[] { 345, 789, 135, 689 };
foreach (var productId in productIds)
{
context.CancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
Products.Prefetch(productId);
}
}
}
}
@inject HttpClient Http
@inject ProductCatalog Products
<Router AppAssembly="typeof(Program).Assembly"
OnNavigateAsync="OnNavigateAsync">
...
</Router>
@code {
private async Task OnNavigateAsync(NavigationContext context)
{
if (context.Path == "/about")
{
var stats = new Stats { Page = "/about" };
await Http.PostAsJsonAsync("api/visited", stats,
context.CancellationToken);
}
else if (context.Path == "/store")
{
var productIds = new[] { 345, 789, 135, 689 };
foreach (var productId in productIds)
{
context.CancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
Products.Prefetch(productId);
}
}
}
}
Note
Not throwing if the cancellation token in NavigationContext is canceled can result in unintended behavior, such as rendering a component from a previous navigation.
Handle/prevent location changes
RegisterLocationChangingHandler registers a handler to process incoming navigation events. The handler's context provided by LocationChangingContext includes the following properties:
- TargetLocation: Gets the target location.
- HistoryEntryState: Gets the state associated with the target history entry.
- IsNavigationIntercepted: Gets whether the navigation was intercepted from a link.
- CancellationToken: Gets a CancellationToken to determine if the navigation was canceled, for example, to determine if the user triggered a different navigation.
- PreventNavigation: Called to prevent the navigation from continuing.
A component can register multiple location changing handlers in its OnAfterRender
or OnAfterRenderAsync
methods. Navigation invokes all of the location changing handlers registered across the entire app (across multiple components), and any internal navigation executes them all in parallel. In addition to NavigateTo handlers are invoked:
- When selecting internal links, which are links that point to URLs under the app's base path.
- When navigating using the forward and back buttons in a browser.
Handlers are only executed for internal navigation within the app. If the user selects a link that navigates to a different site or changes the address bar to a different site manually, location changing handlers aren't executed.
Implement IDisposable and dispose registered handlers to unregister them. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Razor component lifecycle.
Important
Don't attempt to execute DOM cleanup tasks via JavaScript (JS) interop when handling location changes. Use the MutationObserver
pattern in JS on the client. For more information, see ASP.NET Core Blazor JavaScript interoperability (JS interop).
In the following example, a location changing handler is registered for navigation events.
NavHandler.razor
:
@page "/nav-handler"
@implements IDisposable
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<p>
<button @onclick="@(() => Navigation.NavigateTo("/"))">
Home (Allowed)
</button>
<button @onclick="@(() => Navigation.NavigateTo("/counter"))">
Counter (Prevented)
</button>
</p>
@code {
private IDisposable? registration;
protected override void OnAfterRender(bool firstRender)
{
if (firstRender)
{
registration =
Navigation.RegisterLocationChangingHandler(OnLocationChanging);
}
}
private ValueTask OnLocationChanging(LocationChangingContext context)
{
if (context.TargetLocation == "/counter")
{
context.PreventNavigation();
}
return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
}
public void Dispose() => registration?.Dispose();
}
Since internal navigation can be canceled asynchronously, multiple overlapping calls to registered handlers may occur. For example, multiple handler calls may occur when the user rapidly selects the back button on a page or selects multiple links before a navigation is executed. The following is a summary of the asynchronous navigation logic:
- If any location changing handlers are registered, all navigation is initially reverted, then replayed if the navigation isn't canceled.
- If overlapping navigation requests are made, the latest request always cancels earlier requests, which means the following:
- The app may treat multiple back and forward button selections as a single selection.
- If the user selects multiple links before the navigation completes, the last link selected determines the navigation.
For more information on passing NavigationOptions to NavigateTo to control entries and state of the navigation history stack, see the Navigation options section.
For additional example code, see the NavigationManagerComponent
in the BasicTestApp
(dotnet/aspnetcore
reference source).
Note
Documentation links to .NET reference source usually load the repository's default branch, which represents the current development for the next release of .NET. To select a tag for a specific release, use the Switch branches or tags dropdown list. For more information, see How to select a version tag of ASP.NET Core source code (dotnet/AspNetCore.Docs #26205).
The NavigationLock
component intercepts navigation events as long as it is rendered, effectively "locking" any given navigation until a decision is made to either proceed or cancel. Use NavigationLock
when navigation interception can be scoped to the lifetime of a component.
NavigationLock parameters:
- ConfirmExternalNavigation sets a browser dialog to prompt the user to either confirm or cancel external navigation. The default value is
false
. Displaying the confirmation dialog requires initial user interaction with the page before triggering external navigation with the URL in the browser's address bar. For more information on the interaction requirement, see Window:beforeunload
event (MDN documentation). - OnBeforeInternalNavigation sets a callback for internal navigation events.
In the following NavLock
component:
- An attempt to follow the link to Microsoft's website must be confirmed by the user before the navigation to
https://www.microsoft.com
succeeds. - PreventNavigation is called to prevent navigation from occurring if the user declines to confirm the navigation via a JavaScript (JS) interop call that spawns the JS
confirm
dialog.
NavLock.razor
:
@page "/nav-lock"
@inject IJSRuntime JSRuntime
@inject NavigationManager Navigation
<NavigationLock ConfirmExternalNavigation="true"
OnBeforeInternalNavigation="OnBeforeInternalNavigation" />
<p>
<button @onclick="Navigate">Navigate</button>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.microsoft.com">Microsoft homepage</a>
</p>
@code {
private void Navigate()
{
Navigation.NavigateTo("/");
}
private async Task OnBeforeInternalNavigation(LocationChangingContext context)
{
var isConfirmed = await JSRuntime.InvokeAsync<bool>("confirm",
"Are you sure you want to navigate to the root page?");
if (!isConfirmed)
{
context.PreventNavigation();
}
}
}
For additional example code, see the ConfigurableNavigationLock
component in the BasicTestApp
(dotnet/aspnetcore
reference source).
NavLink
component
Use a NavLink component in place of HTML hyperlink elements (<a>
) when creating navigation links. A NavLink component behaves like an <a>
element, except it toggles an active
CSS class based on whether its href
matches the current URL. The active
class helps a user understand which page is the active page among the navigation links displayed. Optionally, assign a CSS class name to NavLink.ActiveClass to apply a custom CSS class to the rendered link when the current route matches the href
.
There are two NavLinkMatch options that you can assign to the Match
attribute of the <NavLink>
element:
- NavLinkMatch.All: The NavLink is active when it matches the entire current URL.
- NavLinkMatch.Prefix (default): The NavLink is active when it matches any prefix of the current URL.
In the preceding example, the Home NavLink href=""
matches the home URL and only receives the active
CSS class at the app's default base path (/
). The second NavLink receives the active
class when the user visits any URL with a component
prefix (for example, /component
and /component/another-segment
).
Additional NavLink component attributes are passed through to the rendered anchor tag. In the following example, the NavLink component includes the target
attribute:
<NavLink href="example-page" target="_blank">Example page</NavLink>
The following HTML markup is rendered:
<a href="example-page" target="_blank">Example page</a>
Warning
Due to the way that Blazor renders child content, rendering NavLink
components inside a for
loop requires a local index variable if the incrementing loop variable is used in the NavLink
(child) component's content:
@for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
{
var current = c;
<li ...>
<NavLink ... href="product-number/@c">
<span ...></span> Product #@current
</NavLink>
</li>
}
Using an index variable in this scenario is a requirement for any child component that uses a loop variable in its child content, not just the NavLink
component.
Alternatively, use a foreach
loop with Enumerable.Range:
@foreach (var c in Enumerable.Range(0,10))
{
<li ...>
<NavLink ... href="product-number/@c">
<span ...></span> Product #@c
</NavLink>
</li>
}
NavLink component entries can be dynamically created from the app's components via reflection. The following example demonstrates the general approach for further customization.
For the following demonstration, a consistent, standard naming convention is used for the app's components:
- Routable component file names use Pascal case†, for example
Pages/ProductDetail.razor
. - Routable component file paths match their URLs in kebab case‡ with hyphens appearing between words in a component's route template. For example, a
ProductDetail
component with a route template of/product-detail
(@page "/product-detail"
) is requested in a browser at the relative URL/product-detail
.
†Pascal case (upper camel case) is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation and with the first letter of each word capitalized, including the first word.
‡Kebab case is a naming convention without spaces and punctuation that uses lowercase letters and dashes between words.
In the Razor markup of the NavMenu
component (NavMenu.razor
) under the default Home
page, NavLink components are added from a collection:
<div class="nav-scrollable"
onclick="document.querySelector('.navbar-toggler').click()">
<nav class="flex-column">
<div class="nav-item px-3">
<NavLink class="nav-link" href="" Match="NavLinkMatch.All">
<span class="bi bi-house-door-fill-nav-menu"
aria-hidden="true"></span> Home
</NavLink>
</div>
+ @foreach (var name in GetRoutableComponents())
+ {
+ <div class="nav-item px-3">
+ <NavLink class="nav-link"
+ href="@Regex.Replace(name, @"(\B[A-Z]|\d+)", "-$1").ToLower()">
+ @Regex.Replace(name, @"(\B[A-Z]|\d+)", " $1")
+ </NavLink>
+ </div>
+ }
</nav>
</div>
The GetRoutableComponents
method in the @code
block:
public IEnumerable<string> GetRoutableComponents()
{
return Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()
.ExportedTypes
.Where(t => t.IsSubclassOf(typeof(ComponentBase)))
.Where(c => c.GetCustomAttributes(inherit: true)
.OfType<RouteAttribute>()
.Any())
.Where(c => c.Name != "Home" && c.Name != "Error")
.OrderBy(o => o.Name)
.Select(c => c.Name);
}
The preceding example doesn't include the following pages in the rendered list of components:
Home
page: The page is listed separately from the automatically generated links because it should appear at the top of the list and set theMatch
parameter.Error
page: The error page is only navigated to by the framework and shouldn't be listed.
For an example of the preceding code in a sample app that you can run locally, obtain the Blazor Web App or Blazor WebAssembly sample app.
ASP.NET Core endpoint routing integration
This section applies to Blazor Web Apps operating over a circuit.
This section applies to Blazor Server apps.
A Blazor Web App is integrated into ASP.NET Core Endpoint Routing. An ASP.NET Core app is configured to accept incoming connections for interactive components with MapRazorComponents in the Program
file. The default root component (first component loaded) is the App
component (App.razor
):
app.MapRazorComponents<App>();
Blazor Server is integrated into ASP.NET Core Endpoint Routing. An ASP.NET Core app is configured to accept incoming connections for interactive components with MapBlazorHub in the Program
file:
app.UseRouting();
app.MapBlazorHub();
app.MapFallbackToPage("/_Host");
Blazor Server is integrated into ASP.NET Core Endpoint Routing. An ASP.NET Core app is configured to accept incoming connections for interactive components with MapBlazorHub in Startup.Configure
.
The typical configuration is to route all requests to a Razor page, which acts as the host for the server-side part of the Blazor Server app. By convention, the host page is usually named _Host.cshtml
in the Pages
folder of the app.
The route specified in the host file is called a fallback route because it operates with a low priority in route matching. The fallback route is used when other routes don't match. This allows the app to use other controllers and pages without interfering with component routing in the Blazor Server app.
For information on configuring MapFallbackToPage for non-root URL server hosting, see Host and deploy ASP.NET Core Blazor.
ASP.NET Core