Tutorial: Implement CI/CD with GitOps (Flux v2)
In this tutorial, you'll set up a CI/CD solution using GitOps with Flux v2 and Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes or Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) clusters. Using the sample Azure Vote app, you'll:
- Create an Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes or AKS cluster.
- Connect your application and GitOps repositories to Azure Repos or GitHub.
- Implement CI/CD flow with either Azure Pipelines or GitHub.
- Connect your Azure Container Registry to Azure DevOps and Kubernetes.
- Create environment variable groups or secrets.
- Deploy the
dev
andstage
environments. - Test the application environments.
If you don't have an Azure subscription, create a free account before you begin.
Azure Cloud Shell
Azure hosts Azure Cloud Shell, an interactive shell environment that you can use through your browser. You can use either Bash or PowerShell with Cloud Shell to work with Azure services. You can use the Cloud Shell preinstalled commands to run the code in this article, without having to install anything on your local environment.
To start Azure Cloud Shell:
Option | Example/Link |
---|---|
Select Try It in the upper-right corner of a code or command block. Selecting Try It doesn't automatically copy the code or command to Cloud Shell. | ![]() |
Go to https://shell.azure.com, or select the Launch Cloud Shell button to open Cloud Shell in your browser. | ![]() |
Select the Cloud Shell button on the menu bar at the upper right in the Azure portal. | ![]() |
To use Azure Cloud Shell:
Start Cloud Shell.
Select the Copy button on a code block (or command block) to copy the code or command.
Paste the code or command into the Cloud Shell session by selecting Ctrl+Shift+V on Windows and Linux, or by selecting Cmd+Shift+V on macOS.
Select Enter to run the code or command.
Prerequisites
Complete the previous tutorial to learn how to deploy GitOps for your CI/CD environment.
Understand the benefits and architecture of this feature.
Verify you have:
- A connected Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes cluster named arc-cicd-cluster.
- A connected Azure Container Registry with either AKS integration or non-AKS cluster authentication.
Install the latest versions of these Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes and Kubernetes Configuration CLI extensions:
az extension add --name connectedk8s az extension add --name k8s-configuration
To update these extensions to the latest version, run the following commands:
az extension update --name connectedk8s az extension update --name k8s-configuration
Connect Azure Container Registry to Kubernetes
Enable your Kubernetes cluster to pull images from your Azure Container Registry. If it's private, authentication is required.
Connect Azure Container Registry to existing AKS clusters
Integrate an existing Azure Container Registry with existing AKS clusters using the following command:
az aks update -n arc-cicd-cluster -g myResourceGroup --attach-acr arc-demo-acr
Create an image pull secret
To connect non-AKS and local clusters to your Azure Container Registry, create an image pull secret. Kubernetes uses image pull secrets to store information needed to authenticate your registry.
Create an image pull secret with the following kubectl
command. Repeat for both the dev
and stage
namespaces.
kubectl create secret docker-registry <secret-name> \
--namespace <namespace> \
--docker-server=<container-registry-name>.azurecr.io \
--docker-username=<service-principal-ID> \
--docker-password=<service-principal-password>
To avoid having to set an imagePullSecret for every Pod, consider adding the imagePullSecret to the Service account in the dev
and stage
namespaces. For more information, see the Kubernetes tutorial.
Depending on the CI/CD orchestrator you prefer, you can proceed with instructions either for Azure DevOps or for GitHub.
Implement CI/CD with Azure DevOps
This tutorial assumes familiarity with Azure DevOps, Azure Repos and Pipelines, and Azure CLI.
Make sure to complete the following steps first:
- Sign into Azure DevOps Services.
- Verify you have "Build Admin" and "Project Admin" permissions for Azure Repos and Azure Pipelines.
Import application and GitOps repositories into Azure Repos
Import an application repository and a GitOps repository into Azure Repos. For this tutorial, use the following example repositories:
arc-cicd-demo-src application repository
- URL: https://github.com/Azure/arc-cicd-demo-src
- Contains the example Azure Vote App that you'll deploy using GitOps.
- Import the repository with name
arc-cicd-demo-src
arc-cicd-demo-gitops GitOps repository
- URL: https://github.com/Azure/arc-cicd-demo-gitops
- Works as a base for your cluster resources that house the Azure Vote App.
- Import the repository with name
arc-cicd-demo-gitops
Learn more about importing Git repositories.
Note
Importing and using two separate repositories for application and GitOps repositories can improve security and simplicity. The application and GitOps repositories' permissions and visibility can be tuned individually. For example, the cluster administrator may not find the changes in application code relevant to the desired state of the cluster. Conversely, an application developer doesn't need to know the specific parameters for each environment - a set of test values that provide coverage for the parameters may be sufficient.
Connect the GitOps repository
To continuously deploy your app, connect the application repository to your cluster using GitOps. Your arc-cicd-demo-gitops GitOps repository contains the basic resources to get your app up and running on your arc-cicd-cluster cluster.
The initial GitOps repository contains only a manifest that creates the dev and stage namespaces corresponding to the deployment environments.
The GitOps connection that you create will automatically:
- Sync the manifests in the manifest directory.
- Update the cluster state.
The CI/CD workflow populates the manifest directory with extra manifests to deploy the app.
Create a new GitOps connection to your newly imported arc-cicd-demo-gitops repository in Azure Repos.
az k8s-configuration flux create \ --name cluster-config \ --cluster-name arc-cicd-cluster \ --namespace flux-system \ --resource-group myResourceGroup \ -u https://dev.azure.com/<Your organization>/<Your project>/_git/arc-cicd-demo-gitops \ --https-user <Azure Repos username> \ --https-key <Azure Repos PAT token> \ --scope cluster \ --cluster-type connectedClusters \ --branch master \ --kustomization name=cluster-config prune=true path=arc-cicd-cluster/manifests
Tip
For an AKS cluster (rather than an Arc-enabled cluster), use
-cluster-type managedClusters
.Check the state of the deployment in Azure portal.
- If successful, you'll see both
dev
andstage
namespaces created in your cluster. - You can also confirm that on the Azure portal page of your cluster, a configuration
cluster-config
is created on the fGitOps
tab.
- If successful, you'll see both
Import the CI/CD pipelines
Now that you've synced a GitOps connection, you need to import the CI/CD pipelines that create the manifests.
The application repository contains a .pipeline
folder with pipelines used for PRs, CI, and CD. Import and rename the three pipelines provided in the sample repository:
Pipeline file name | Description |
---|---|
.pipelines/az-vote-pr-pipeline.yaml |
The application PR pipeline, named arc-cicd-demo-src PR |
.pipelines/az-vote-ci-pipeline.yaml |
The application CI pipeline, named arc-cicd-demo-src CI |
.pipelines/az-vote-cd-pipeline.yaml |
The application CD pipeline, named arc-cicd-demo-src CD |
Connect Azure Container Registry to Azure DevOps
During the CI process, you deploy your application containers to a registry. Start by creating an Azure service connection:
- In Azure DevOps, open the Service connections page from the project settings page. In TFS, open the Services page from the settings icon in the top menu bar.
- Choose + New service connection and select the type of service connection you need.
- Fill in the parameters for the service connection. For this tutorial:
- Name the service connection arc-demo-acr.
- Select myResourceGroup as the resource group.
- Select the Grant access permission to all pipelines.
- This option authorizes YAML pipeline files for service connections.
- Choose OK to create the connection.
Configure PR service connection
CD pipeline manipulates PRs in the GitOps repository. It needs a service connection in order to do this. To configure this connection:
- In Azure DevOps, open the Service connections page from the project settings page. In TFS, open the Services page from the settings icon in the top menu bar.
- Choose + New service connection and select
Generic
type. - Fill in the parameters for the service connection. For this tutorial:
- Server URL
https://dev.azure.com/<Your organization>/<Your project>/_apis/git/repositories/arc-cicd-demo-gitops
- Leave Username and Password blank.
- Name the service connection azdo-pr-connection.
- Server URL
- Select the Grant access permission to all pipelines.
- This option authorizes YAML pipeline files for service connections.
- Choose OK to create the connection.
Install GitOps Connector
Add GitOps Connector repository to Helm repositories:
helm repo add gitops-connector https://azure.github.io/gitops-connector/
Install the connector to the cluster:
helm upgrade -i gitops-connector gitops-connector/gitops-connector \ --namespace flux-system \ --set gitRepositoryType=AZDO \ --set ciCdOrchestratorType=AZDO \ --set gitOpsOperatorType=FLUX \ --set azdoGitOpsRepoName=arc-cicd-demo-gitops \ --set azdoOrgUrl=https://dev.azure.com/<Your organization>/<Your project> \ --set gitOpsAppURL=https://dev.azure.com/<Your organization>/<Your project>/_git/arc-cicd-demo-gitops \ --set orchestratorPAT=<Azure Repos PAT token>
Note
Azure Repos PAT token
should haveBuild: Read & execute
andCode: Full
permissions.Configure Flux to send notifications to GitOps connector:
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f - apiVersion: notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: Alert metadata: name: gitops-connector namespace: flux-system spec: eventSeverity: info eventSources: - kind: GitRepository name: cluster-config - kind: Kustomization name: cluster-config-cluster-config providerRef: name: gitops-connector --- apiVersion: notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: Provider metadata: name: gitops-connector namespace: flux-system spec: type: generic address: http://gitops-connector:8080/gitopsphase EOF
For the details on installation, refer to the GitOps Connector repository.
Create environment variable groups
App repository variable group
Create a variable group named az-vote-app-dev. Set the following values:
Variable | Value |
---|---|
AZURE_SUBSCRIPTION | (your Azure Service Connection, which should be arc-demo-acr from earlier in the tutorial) |
AZ_ACR_NAME | Azure ACR name, for example arc-demo-acr |
ENVIRONMENT_NAME | Dev |
MANIFESTS_BRANCH | master |
MANIFESTS_REPO | arc-cicd-demo-gitops |
ORGANIZATION_NAME | Name of Azure DevOps organization |
PROJECT_NAME | Name of GitOps project in Azure DevOps |
REPO_URL | Full URL for GitOps repository |
SRC_FOLDER | azure-vote |
TARGET_CLUSTER | arc-cicd-cluster |
TARGET_NAMESPACE | dev |
VOTE_APP_TITLE | Voting Application |
AKS_RESOURCE_GROUP | AKS Resource group. Needed for automated testing. |
AKS_NAME | AKS Name. Needed for automated testing. |
Stage environment variable group
- Clone the az-vote-app-dev variable group.
- Change the name to az-vote-app-stage.
- Ensure the following values for the corresponding variables:
Variable | Value |
---|---|
ENVIRONMENT_NAME | Stage |
TARGET_NAMESPACE | stage |
You're now ready to deploy to the dev
and stage
environments.
Create environments
In your Azure DevOps project, create Dev
and Stage
environments. For details, see Create and target an environment.
Give more permissions to the build service
The CD pipeline uses the security token of the running build to authenticate to the GitOps repository. More permissions are needed for the pipeline to create a new branch, push changes, and create pull requests.
- Go to
Project settings
from the Azure DevOps project main page. - Select
Repos/Repositories
. - Select
Security
. - For the
<Project Name> Build Service (<Organization Name>)
and for theProject Collection Build Service (<Organization Name>)
(type in the search field, if it doesn't show up), allowContribute
,Contribute to pull requests
, andCreate branch
. - Go to
Pipelines/Settings
- Switch off
Protect access to repositories in YAML pipelines
option
For more information, see:
Deploy the dev environment for the first time
With the CI and CD pipelines created, run the CI pipeline to deploy the app for the first time.
CI pipeline
During the initial CI pipeline run, you may get a resource authorization error in reading the service connection name.
- Verify the variable being accessed is AZURE_SUBSCRIPTION.
- Authorize the use.
- Rerun the pipeline.
The CI pipeline:
- Ensures the application change passes all automated quality checks for deployment.
- Does any extra validation that couldn't be completed in the PR pipeline.
- Specific to GitOps, the pipeline also publishes the artifacts for the commit that will be deployed by the CD pipeline.
- Verifies the Docker image has changed and the new image is pushed.
CD pipeline
During the initial CD pipeline run, you need to give the pipeline access to the GitOps repository. Select View when prompted that the pipeline needs permission to access a resource. Then, select Permit to grant permission to use the GitOps repository for the current and future runs of the pipeline.
The successful CI pipeline run triggers the CD pipeline to complete the deployment process. You'll deploy to each environment incrementally.
Tip
If the CD pipeline does not automatically trigger:
- Verify the name matches the branch trigger in
.pipelines/az-vote-cd-pipeline.yaml
- It should be
arc-cicd-demo-src CI
.
- It should be
- Rerun the CI pipeline.
Once the template and manifest changes to the GitOps repository have been generated, the CD pipeline creates a commit, pushes it, and creates a PR for approval.
Find the PR created by the pipeline to the GitOps repository.
Verify the changes to the GitOps repository. You should see:
- High-level Helm template changes.
- Low-level Kubernetes manifests that show the underlying changes to the desired state. Flux deploys these manifests.
If everything looks good, approve and complete the PR.
After a few minutes, Flux picks up the change and starts the deployment.
Monitor the Git Commit status on the Commit history tab. Once it is
succeeded
, the CD pipeline starts automated testing.Forward the port locally using
kubectl
and ensure the app works correctly using:kubectl port-forward -n dev svc/azure-vote-front 8080:80
View the Azure Vote app in your browser at
http://localhost:8080/
.Vote for your favorites and get ready to make some changes to the app.
Set up environment approvals
Upon app deployment, you can not only make changes to the code or templates, but you can also unintentionally put the cluster into a bad state.
If the dev environment reveals a break after deployment, keep it from going to later environments using environment approvals.
- In your Azure DevOps project, go to the environment that needs to be protected.
- Navigate to Approvals and Checks for the resource.
- Select Create.
- Provide the approvers and an optional message.
- Select Create again to complete the addition of the manual approval check.
For more details, see the Define approval and checks tutorial.
Next time the CD pipeline runs, the pipeline will pause after the GitOps PR creation. Verify the change has been synced properly and passes basic functionality. Approve the check from the pipeline to let the change flow to the next environment.
Make an application change
With this baseline set of templates and manifests representing the state on the cluster, you'll make a small change to the app.
In the arc-cicd-demo-src repository, edit
azure-vote/src/azure-vote-front/config_file.cfg
file.Since "Cats vs Dogs" isn't getting enough votes, change it to "Tabs vs Spaces" to drive up the vote count.
Commit the change in a new branch, push it, and create a pull request. This sequence of steps is the typical developer flow that starts the CI/CD lifecycle.
PR validation pipeline
The PR pipeline is the first line of defense against a faulty change. Usual application code quality checks include linting and static analysis. From a GitOps perspective, you also need to assure the same quality for the resulting infrastructure to be deployed.
The application's Dockerfile and Helm charts can use linting in a similar way to the application.
Errors found during linting range from incorrectly formatted YAML files, to best practice suggestions, such as setting CPU and Memory limits for your application.
Note
To get the best coverage from Helm linting in a real application, you will need to substitute values that are reasonably similar to those used in a real environment.
Errors found during pipeline execution appear in the test results section of the run. From here, you can:
- Track the useful statistics on the error types.
- Find the first commit on which they were detected.
- Stack trace style links to the code sections that caused the error.
Once the pipeline run has finished, you have assured the quality of the application code and the template that deploys it. You can now approve and complete the PR. The CI will run again, regenerating the templates and manifests, before triggering the CD pipeline.
Tip
In a real environment, don't forget to set branch policies to ensure the PR passes your quality checks. For more information, see Set branch policies.
CD process approvals
A successful CI pipeline run triggers the CD pipeline to complete the deployment process. This time, the pipeline requires you to approve each deployment environment.
- Approve the deployment to the
dev
environment. - Once the template and manifest changes to the GitOps repository have been generated, the CD pipeline creates a commit, pushes it, and creates a PR for approval.
- Verify the changes to the GitOps repository. You should see:
- High-level Helm template changes.
- Low-level Kubernetes manifests that show the underlying changes to the desired state.
- If everything looks good, approve and complete the PR.
- Wait for the deployment to complete.
- As a basic smoke test, navigate to the application page and verify the voting app now displays Tabs vs Spaces.
- Forward the port locally using
kubectl
and ensure the app works correctly using:kubectl port-forward -n dev svc/azure-vote-front 8080:80
- View the Azure Vote app in your browser at
http://localhost:8080/
and verify the voting choices have changed to Tabs vs Spaces.
- Forward the port locally using
- Repeat steps 1-7 for the
stage
environment.
The deployment is now complete.
For a detailed overview of all the steps and techniques implemented in the CI/CD workflows used in this tutorial, see the Azure DevOps GitOps Flow diagram.
Implement CI/CD with GitHub
This tutorial assumes familiarity with GitHub, GitHub Actions.
Fork application and GitOps repositories
Fork an application repository and a GitOps repository. For this tutorial, use the following example repositories:
arc-cicd-demo-src application repository
- URL: https://github.com/Azure/arc-cicd-demo-src
- Contains the example Azure Vote App that you will deploy using GitOps.
arc-cicd-demo-gitops GitOps repository
- URL: https://github.com/Azure/arc-cicd-demo-gitops
- Works as a base for your cluster resources that house the Azure Vote App.
Connect the GitOps repository
To continuously deploy your app, connect the application repository to your cluster using GitOps. Your arc-cicd-demo-gitops GitOps repository contains the basic resources to get your app up and running on your arc-cicd-cluster cluster.
The initial GitOps repository contains only a manifest that creates the dev and stage namespaces corresponding to the deployment environments.
The GitOps connection that you create will automatically:
- Sync the manifests in the manifest directory.
- Update the cluster state.
The CI/CD workflow populates the manifest directory with extra manifests to deploy the app.
Create a new GitOps connection to your newly forked arc-cicd-demo-gitops repository in GitHub.
az k8s-configuration flux create \ --name cluster-config \ --cluster-name arc-cicd-cluster \ --namespace cluster-config \ --resource-group myResourceGroup \ -u https://github.com/<Your organization>/arc-cicd-demo-gitops.git \ --https-user <Azure Repos username> \ --https-key <Azure Repos PAT token> \ --scope cluster \ --cluster-type connectedClusters \ --branch master \ --kustomization name=cluster-config prune=true path=arc-cicd-cluster/manifests
Check the state of the deployment in Azure portal.
- If successful, you'll see both
dev
andstage
namespaces created in your cluster.
- If successful, you'll see both
Install GitOps Connector
Add GitOps Connector repository to Helm repositories:
helm repo add gitops-connector https://azure.github.io/gitops-connector/
Install the connector to the cluster:
helm upgrade -i gitops-connector gitops-connector/gitops-connector \ --namespace flux-system \ --set gitRepositoryType=GITHUB \ --set ciCdOrchestratorType=GITHUB \ --set gitOpsOperatorType=FLUX \ --set gitHubGitOpsRepoName=arc-cicd-demo-src \ --set gitHubGitOpsManifestsRepoName=arc-cicd-demo-gitops \ --set gitHubOrgUrl=https://api.github.com/repos/<Your organization> \ --set gitOpsAppURL=https://github.com/<Your organization>/arc-cicd-demo-gitops/commit \ --set orchestratorPAT=<GitHub PAT token>
Configure Flux to send notifications to GitOps connector:
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f - apiVersion: notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: Alert metadata: name: gitops-connector namespace: flux-system spec: eventSeverity: info eventSources: - kind: GitRepository name: cluster-config - kind: Kustomization name: cluster-config-cluster-config providerRef: name: gitops-connector --- apiVersion: notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io/v1beta1 kind: Provider metadata: name: gitops-connector namespace: flux-system spec: type: generic address: http://gitops-connector:8080/gitopsphase EOF
For the details on installation, refer to the GitOps Connector repository.
Create GitHub secrets
Create GitHub repository secrets
Secret | Value |
---|---|
AZURE_CREDENTIALS | Credentials for Azure in the following format {"clientId":"GUID","clientSecret":"GUID","subscriptionId":"GUID","tenantId":"GUID"} |
AZ_ACR_NAME | Azure ACR name, for example arc-demo-acr |
MANIFESTS_BRANCH | master |
MANIFESTS_FOLDER | arc-cicd-cluster |
MANIFESTS_REPO | https://github.com/your-organization/arc-cicd-demo-gitops |
VOTE_APP_TITLE | Voting Application |
AKS_RESOURCE_GROUP | AKS Resource group. Needed for automated testing. |
AKS_NAME | AKS Name. Needed for automated testing. |
PAT | GitHub PAT token with the permission to PR to the GitOps repository |
Create GitHub environment secrets
- Create
az-vote-app-dev
environment with the following secrets:
Secret | Value |
---|---|
ENVIRONMENT_NAME | Dev |
TARGET_NAMESPACE | dev |
- Create
az-vote-app-stage
environment with the following secrets:
Secret | Value |
---|---|
ENVIRONMENT_NAME | Stage |
TARGET_NAMESPACE | stage |
You're now ready to deploy to the dev
and stage
environments.
CI/CD Dev workflow
To start the CI/CD Dev workflow, change the source code. In the application repository, update values in .azure-vote/src/azure-vote-front/config_file.cfg
file and push the changes to the repository.
The CI/CD Dev workflow:
- Ensures the application change passes all automated quality checks for deployment.
- Does any extra validation that couldn't be completed in the PR pipeline.
- Verifies the Docker image has changed and the new image is pushed.
- Publishes the artifacts (Docker image tags, Manifest templates, Utils) that will be used by the following CD stages.
- Deploys the application to Dev environment.
- Generates manifests to the GitOps repository.
- Creates a PR to the GitOps repository for approval.
Find the PR created by the pipeline to the GitOps repository.
Verify the changes to the GitOps repository. You should see:
- High-level Helm template changes.
- Low-level Kubernetes manifests that show the underlying changes to the desired state. Flux deploys these manifests.
If everything looks good, approve and complete the PR.
After a few minutes, Flux picks up the change and starts the deployment.
Monitor the Git Commit status on the Commit history tab. Once it is
succeeded
, theCD Stage
workflow will start.Forward the port locally using
kubectl
and ensure the app works correctly using:kubectl port-forward -n dev svc/azure-vote-front 8080:80
View the Azure Vote app in your browser at
http://localhost:8080/
.Vote for your favorites and get ready to make some changes to the app.
CD Stage workflow
The CD Stage workflow starts automatically once Flux successfully deploys the application to dev environment and notifies GitHub actions via GitOps Connector.
The CD Stage workflow:
- Runs application smoke tests against Dev environment
- Deploys the application to Stage environment.
- Generates manifests to the GitOps repository
- Creates a PR to the GitOps repository for approval
Once the manifests PR to the Stage environment is merged and Flux successfully applies all the changes, the Git commit status is updated in the GitOps repository. The deployment is now complete.
For a detailed overview of all the steps and techniques implemented in the CI/CD workflows used in this tutorial, see the GitHub GitOps Flow diagram.
Clean up resources
If you're not going to continue to use this application, delete any resources with the following steps:
Delete the Azure Arc GitOps configuration connection:
az k8s-configuration flux delete \ --name cluster-config \ --cluster-name arc-cicd-cluster \ --resource-group myResourceGroup \ -t connectedClusters --yes
Delete GitOps Connector:
helm uninstall gitops-connector -n flux-system kubectl delete alerts.notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io gitops-connector -n flux-system kubectl delete providers.notification.toolkit.fluxcd.io gitops-connector -n flux-system
Next steps
In this tutorial, you have set up a full CI/CD workflow that implements DevOps from application development through deployment. Changes to the app automatically trigger validation and deployment, gated by manual approvals.
Advance to our conceptual article to learn more about GitOps and configurations with Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes.