Hello,
Your issue seems to be related to the FSMO role RID master, if your domain controller (DC) in Azure is not the only DC in your domain you should check if this DC can contact the other DCs.
After that you can find which DC is the RID master in your domain with this command:
Get-ADDomain | Select-Object RIDMaster
or
netdom query fsmo
And test network connectivity from the DC you have the issue to the RID master via PowerShell Cmdlet
Test-NetConnection
And test network connectivity from the DC you have the issue to the RID master via PowerShell Cmdlet Test-NetConnection
on the standard port of DC (Server port column):
Regards,