It seems to be a device-specific issue based on your description. I have tested and confirmed that corporate accounts do not necessarily reproduce the same issue. Both accounts work normally with this version of OneDrive client.
The OneDrive version I just test with is 20.154.0802.0003, which is downloaded from the Official website.
Here are a few things you can try to narrow down this issue:
- Run disk checking as suggested in the post you provide.
- Uninstall the current version (v 20.134.0705.0008) and then reinstall OneDrive from the Official website (or you should be able to find an Office app if you are using Windows). Backup your files which are not synced correctly in OneDrive on this device if necessary.
- Another article you can refer to for additional suggestions: Error 0x80071128: The data present in the rephrase point buffer is invalid.