@Lewis, Austin I'm also seeing this problem, for the past 4-6 weeks with Teams 1.3.00.25560. I also see this with versions 1.3.00.14051 and 1.3.00.16851 on Ubuntu 18.04 and Ubuntu 20.04, with and without destroying ~/.config/Microsoft across the various combinations.
I suspect "ROOT-CA.crt" in the certutil command needs to be replaced with the root CA your organization uses. I tried doing this with the CA used here, but don't see any change -- I'm still unable to login with the ERR_CERT_INVALID and incomplete URL. It looks like Teams is using the electron browser, I assume for this part, but I'm not sure if that uses ~/.pki/nssdb for certificate store, or not.
Thu Oct 01 2020 11:45:47 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time) <20204> -- event -- reason: unhandled_error_
code, errorCode: -207 ERR_CERT_INVALID, errorDescription: Failed to load: https://, oopsId: 0, profile
Type: null, status: success, scenario: 24a8365a-221f-42e1-8737-f374a4ce7c0a, scenarioName: desktop_oop
s_show, name: desktop_oops_show, step: stop, sequence: 1, delta: 1, scenarioDelta: 1, elapsed: 14309,
stepDelta: 1, vdiMode: 0, eventpdclevel: 3, Scenario.Name: desktop_oops_show, Scenario.Step: stop, Sce
nario.Status: success,