The difference between SharePoint and Outlook is because each application has its own OAuth Refresh Token that isn't shared with others.
In the office client applications, the default time period is 90 days.
In the browser, without any session lifetime settings, there are no persistent cookies. Every time a user closes and opens the browser, they get a prompt for reauthentication.
Here are methods for you choose to configure session lifetime settings in the browser.
1.In the conditional access policy, set sign-in frequency policy. (It is the recommended way.)
2.Keep the Remain signed-in option enabled and guide your users to accept it.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/fundamentals/how-to-manage-stay-signed-in-prompt
3.Remember multifactor authentication.
A reference article to introduce more:
If the answer is helpful, please click "Accept Answer" and kindly upvote it. If you have extra questions about this answer, please click "Comment".
Note: Please follow the steps in our documentation to enable e-mail notifications if you want to receive the related email notification for this thread.