Universal Action Model

Article
08/28/2023

Context

Adaptive Cards are platform-agnostic snippets of UI, authored using a lightweight JSON format, that apps and services can share. Adaptive Cards not only adapt to the look-and-feel of the host, but also provide rich interaction capabilities. For more information about Adaptive Cards, please visit adaptivecards.io.

As Adaptive Cards grew in popularity, different hosts started supporting different action models and this led to fragmentation. To solve this problem, the Teams, Outlook and Adaptive Cards teams worked on creating a new universal Bot action model compatible across hosts. This effort led to the following:

The generalization of Bots and the Bot Framework as the way to implement Adaptive Card-based scenarios for both Teams (Bots) and Outlook (Actionable Message)
Action.Execute as a replacement for both Action.Submit (currently used by Bots) and Action.Http (currently used by Actionable Messages)
Popular features only supported by Actionable Messages made available to Bots, namely:
- The ability for a card to be refreshed at the time it is displayed
- The ability for Action.Execute actions to return an updated card to be immediately displayed in the client

For more information about Actionable Messages in Outlook, please refer to the Actionable Message documentation

For details on various scenarios possible with Universal Actions in Teams, please refer to Teams cards reference.

Before `Action.Execute`	With `Action.Execute`

Source: Adaptive Cards @ Microsoft Build 2020

The rest of this document focuses on documenting the universal Bot action model in the context of Teams & Outlook. If you are already using Adaptive cards on Teams with Bot, you can use the same Bot with a few changes to support Action.Execute. If you are using Actionable Messages on Outlook, you will need to develop a Bot that supports Action.Execute. Currently the support on Outlook clients for Universal Bot action model is under active development.

Schema

IMPORTANT

The universal Bot action model is introduced in the Adaptive Cards schema version 1.4. In order to use these new capabilities, the version property of your Adaptive Card must be set to 1.4 or greater, as shown in the below examples. Note that this will make your Adaptive Card incompatible with older clients (Outlook or Teams) that do not support the universal Bot action model.

If you use the refresh property and/or Action.Execute and specify a card version < 1.4, the following will happen:

Client Behavior

Outlook Your card WILL NOT work. refresh will not be honored and Action.Execute will not render. Your card may even be rejected entirely.

Teams Your card MAY NOT work (the refresh may not be honored, and the Action.Execute actions may not render) depending on the version of the Teams client.

To ensure maximum compatibility in Teams, consider defining your Action.Execute actions with an Action.Submit action in the fallback property.

Refer to the Backward compatibility section below for more information.

Client	Behavior
Outlook	Your card WILL NOT work. `refresh` will not be honored and `Action.Execute` will not render. Your card may even be rejected entirely.
Teams	Your card MAY NOT work (the `refresh` may not be honored, and the `Action.Execute` actions may not render) depending on the version of the Teams client. To ensure maximum compatibility in Teams, consider defining your `Action.Execute` actions with an `Action.Submit` action in the `fallback` property.

Action.Execute

When authoring Adaptive Cards, use Action.Execute in place of both Action.Submit & Action.Http. The schema for Action.Execute is quite similar to that of Action.Submit.

Example JSON

{
  "$schema": "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
  "type": "AdaptiveCard",
  "version": "1.4",
  "body": [
    {
      "type": "TextBlock",
      "text": "Present a form and submit it back to the originator"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "firstName",
      "placeholder": "What is your first name?"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "lastName",
      "placeholder": "What is your last name?"
    },
    {
      "type": "ActionSet",
      "actions": [
        {
          "type": "Action.Execute",
          "title": "Submit",
          "verb": "personalDetailsFormSubmit",
          "fallback": "Action.Submit"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Properties

Property	Type	Required	Description
type	`"Action.Execute"`	Yes	Must be `"Action.Execute"`.
verb	string	No	A convenience string that can be used by developer to identify the action
data	`string`, `object`	No	Initial data that input fields will be combined with. These are essentially ‘hidden’ properties.
title	`string`	No	Label for button or link that represents this action.
iconUrl	`uri`	No	Optional icon to be shown on the action in conjunction with the title. Supports data URI in Adaptive Cards version 1.2+
style	`ActionStyle`	No	Controls the style of an Action, which influences how the action is displayed, spoken, etc.
fallback	`<action object>`, `"drop"`	No	Describes what to do when Action.Execute is unsupported by the client displaying the card.
requires	`Dictionary<string>`	No	A series of key/value pairs indicating features that the item requires with corresponding minimum version. When a feature is missing or of insufficient version, fallback is triggered.

Refresh mechanism

Alongside Action.Execute, a new refresh mechanism is now supported, making it possible to create Adaptive Cards that automatically update at the time they are displayed. This ensures that users always see up to date data. A typical refresh use case is an approval request: once approved, it is best that users are not presented with a card prompting them to approve when it's already been done, but instead provides information on the time the request was approved and by whom.

To allow an Adaptive Card to automatically refresh, define its refresh property, which embeds an action of type Action.Execute as well as a userIds array.

Property	Type	Required	Description
action	`"Action.Execute"`	Yes	Must be an action instance of type `"Action.Execute"`.
userIds	`Array<string>`	Yes	An array of `MRI`s of users for whom Auto Refresh must be enabled. IMPORTANT: If the `userIds` list property isn't included in the `refresh` section of the card, the card will NOT automatically refresh on display. Instead, a button will be presented to the user to allow them to manually refresh. The reason for this is chats/channels in Teams can include a large number of members; if many members are all viewing the channel at the same time, an unconditional automatic refresh would result in many concurrent calls to the bot, which would not scale. To alleviate the potential scale problem, the `userIds` property should always be included to identify which users should get an automatic refresh, with a maximum of 60 user IDs currently being allowed. See userIds in refresh for more details. Note that the `userIds` property is ignored in Outlook, and the `refresh` property is always automatically honored. There is no scale issue in Outlook because users will typically view the card at different times.

Sample JSON

{
  "$schema": "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
  "type": "AdaptiveCard",
  "originator":"c9b4352b-a76b-43b9-88ff-80edddaa243b",
  "version": "1.4",
  "refresh": {
    "action": {
      "type": "Action.Execute",
      "title": "Submit",
      "verb": "personalDetailsCardRefresh"
    },
    "userIds": []
  },
  "body": [
    {
      "type": "TextBlock",
      "text": "Present a form and submit it back to the originator"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "firstName",
      "placeholder": "What is your first name?"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "lastName",
      "placeholder": "What is your last name?"
    },
    { 
      "type": "ActionSet",
      "actions": [
        {
          "type": "Action.Execute",
          "title": "Submit",
          "verb": "personalDetailsFormSubmit",
          "fallback": "Action.Submit"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Important note for Outlook Actionable Message developers

When developing Outlook Actionable Message scenarios, the Adaptive Card's originator property must be specified. originator is a Globally Unique Identified (GUID) generated at the time a Bot subscribes to the Outlook channel. It is used by Outlook to validate that the Adaptive Card was sent by an authorized Bot. The Adaptive Card will not be rendered in Outlook if originator is absent. originator is ignored in Teams.

`adaptiveCard/action` Invoke activity

When an Action.Execute is executed in the client (whether it's the refresh action or an action explicitly taken by a user by clicking a button), a new type of Invoke activity - adaptiveCard/action - is made to your Bot. A typical adaptiveCard/action Invoke activity request will look like the following:

Request format

{ 
  "type": "invoke",
  "name": "adaptiveCard/action",

  // ... other properties omitted for brevity

  "value": { 
    "action": { 
      "type": "Action.Execute", 
      "id": "abc", 
      "verb": "def",
      "data": { ... } 
    },
    "trigger": "automatic | manual" 
  }
}

Field	Description
value.action	A copy of the action as defined in the Adaptive Card. Like with `Action.Submit`, the `data` property of the action includes the values of the various inputs in the card, if there are any
value.trigger	Indicates if the action was triggered explicitly (by the user clicking a button) or implicitly (via automatic refresh)

Response format

If the Bot did process an incoming adaptiveCard/action Invoke activity (i.e. if the Bot's code was involved at all in processing the request), the HTTP response's status code returned by the Bot must be equal to 200 and the body of the HTTP response must be formatted as follows:

{ 
    "statusCode": <number (200 – 599)>, 
    "type": "<string>", 
    "value": "<object>"
}

Field	Description
statusCode	An HTTP response status code of 200 does NOT necessarily mean the Bot was able to successfully process the request. A client application MUST always look at the `statucCode` property in the response's body to know how the Bot processed the request. `statusCode` is a number ranging from 200-599 that mirrors HTTP status code values and is meant to be a sub-status for the result of the bot processing the Invoke. A missing, null, or undefined value for `statusCode` implies a 200 (Success).
type	A set of well-known string constants that describe the expected shape of the value property
value	An object that is specific to the type of response body

Supported status codes

The following table lists the allowed values for statusCode, type, and value in the Bot's response body:

Status Code	Type	Value Schema	Notes
200	`application/vnd.microsoft.card.adaptive`	`Adaptive Card`	The request was successfully processed, and the response includes an Adaptive Card that the client should display in place of the current one.
200	`application/vnd.microsoft.activity.message`	`string`	The request was successfully processed, and the response includes a message that the client should display.
400	`application/vnd.microsoft.error`	Error Object (TODO: needs link)	The incoming request was invalid.
401	`application/vnd.microsoft.activity.loginRequest`	OAuthCard (TODO: needs link)	The client needs to prompt the user to authenticate.
401	`application/vnd.microsoft.error.inccorectAuthCode`	null	The authentication state passed by the client was incorrect and authentication failed.
412	`application/vnd.microsoft.error.preconditionFailed`	Error Object (TODO: needs link)	The SSO authentication flow failed.
500	`application/vnd.microsoft.error`	Error Object (TODO: needs link)	An unexpected error occurred.

Summary: how to leverage the universal Bot action model

Use Action.Execute instead of Action.Submit. To update an existing scenario on teams, replace all instances of Action.Submit with Action.Execute. For upgrading an existing scenario on Outlook please refer to the backward compatibility section below.
For cards to surface on outlook add the originator field. Refer the Sample JSON above.
Add a refresh clause to your Adaptive Card if you want to leverage the automatic refresh mechanism or if your scenario requires user specific views. Be sure to specify the userIds property to identify which users (maximum 60) will get automatic updates.
Handle adaptiveCard/action Invoke requests in your Bot
Whenever your Bot needs to return a new card as a result of processing an Action.Execute, you can use the Invoke request's context to generate cards that are specifically crafted for a given user. Make sure the response conforms to the response schema defined above.

Backward compatibility

Outlook

The new Action.Execute universal action model is a departure from the Action.Http action model currently used by Outlook Actionable Messages, where actions are encoded in the Adaptive Card as explicit HTTP calls. The Action.Execute model makes it possible for developers to implement scenarios that "just work" in both Outlook and Teams. Actionable Message scenarios can either use the Action.Http model or the new Action.Execute model, but not both. Scenarios that use the universal Action.Execute model must be implemented as Bots and subscribe to Outlook Actionable Messages channel.

Important notes

Scenarios implemented using the universal Action.Execute model will not be compatible with older versions of Outlook

Work is in progress to allow existing Actionable Message scenarios to seamlessly migrate to the universal Action.Execute model

Teams

In order for your cards to be backward compatible and work for users on older versions of Teams, your Action.Execute actions should include a fallback property defined as an Action.Submit. Your Bot should be coded in such a way that it can process both Action.Execute and Action.Submit. Note that it is not possible for your Bot to return a new card when processing an Action.Submit, so fallback behavior via Action.Submit will provide a degraded experience for the end user.

Important note

Some older Teams clients do not support fallback property when not wrapped in an ActionSet. In order to not break on such clients, it is strongly recommended that you wrap all your Action.Execute in ActionSet. See example below on how to wrap Action.Execute in ActionSet.

In the below example, note the version property of the card is set to 1.2 and the Action.Execute is defined with an Action.Submit as its fallback. When rendered in a Teams client that supports Adaptive Cards 1.4, the Action.Execute will render and work as expected. In Teams clients that do not support Adaptive Cards 1.4, the Action.Submit will be rendered in place of the Action.Execute.

{
  "$schema": "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
  "type": "AdaptiveCard",
  "version": "1.2",
  "body": [
    {
      "type": "TextBlock",
      "text": "Present a form and submit it back to the originator"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "firstName",
      "placeholder": "What is your first name?"
    },
    {
      "type": "Input.Text",
      "id": "lastName",
      "placeholder": "What is your last name?"
    },
    {
      "type": "ActionSet",
      "actions": [
        {
          "type": "Action.Execute",
          "title": "Submit",
          "verb": "personalDetailsFormSubmit",
          "fallback": {
            "type": "Action.Submit",
            "title": "Submit"
          }  
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Universal Action Model

Context

Schema

IMPORTANT

Action.Execute

Refresh mechanism

Important note for Outlook Actionable Message developers

`adaptiveCard/action` Invoke activity

Request format

Response format

Summary: how to leverage the universal Bot action model

Backward compatibility

Outlook

Important notes

Teams

Important note

References

Feedback

Additional resources

Universal Action Model

Context

Schema

IMPORTANT

Action.Execute

Refresh mechanism

Important note for Outlook Actionable Message developers

adaptiveCard/action Invoke activity

Request format

Response format

Summary: how to leverage the universal Bot action model

Backward compatibility

Outlook

Important notes

Teams

Important note

References

Feedback

Additional resources

`adaptiveCard/action` Invoke activity