A cloud-based identity and access management service for securing user authentication and resource access
@Testa , Based on my research, I didn't find the method to prohibit users from using a particular browser to access resource in Intune.
But maybe you can consider to configure "Require approved client app", For browser, I find only Edge is included in the approved client app. If we set this, only client apps in the list can access the resource: That is to say, via browser, only Edge can access. Other browser will not be allowed the access.
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/conditional-access/concept-conditional-access-grant#require-approved-client-app
Hope it can help.
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