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Hi Robert,
Sorry for the late reply.
I searched a lot to find a way to get the external users sign in with options other than Mobile app, but it seems like the only way to do this would be to create a Conditional Access Policy for SharePoint Online as mentioned in this article. This will require Azure AD Premium license.
Standalone Office 365 license does not allow managing customized Conditional Access policies, as it requires an Azure AD Premium license.
According to this article, for Azure AD Free or standalone Office 365 licenses - Use pre-created Conditional Access baseline protection policies to require multi-factor authentication for your users and administrators.
Regards,
Neha