Dear Gregory,
Thanks for your updates and kindness.
May I know whether the clipboard in your environment is showed as the following after you copy the text from the picture? Please also check whether you have turned on the clipboard history.

If you have made sure that, I'd like you to do a quick test to see whether the copied text from other Office applications or non-Office applications can be recorded in the clipboard.
As the issue may be related to the version number and the channel of the Office applications in your environment, I suggest you change the channel of the OneNote application to Current Channel to see whether the issue disappears. If yes, you may contact the administrator in your company and let him change the channel to solve the issue.
If you have a test device or VM, you can install the OneNote applications Current Channel with the ODT tool and with the following sample.xml file.
<Configuration >
<Add OfficeClientEdition="32" Channel="Current">
<Product ID="O365ProPlusRetail">
<Language ID="en-us" />
<ExcludeApp ID="Groove" />
<ExcludeApp ID="Lync" />
</Product>
</Add>
<Updates Enabled="TRUE" />
</Configuration>
Overview of the Office Deployment Tool - Deploy Office | Microsoft Learn
If you have installed the Office applications with another channel, I suggest you use the following sample.xml file with the ODT way to change the channel to Current Channel to see the outcome.
<Configuration>
<Updates Channel="Current" />
</Configuration>
Change the Microsoft 365 Apps update channel for devices in your organization - Deploy Office | Microsoft Learn
Thanks for your effort and time!
Sincerely
Cliff | Microsoft Community Moderator