Rotated triangles in the left margin are expand/collapse buttons by heading-level paragraphs.
These are actually for any paragraph to which an outline level other than Body Text has been applied.
There is an option available to expand all of these upon opening a document.
You will also see any such paragraphs in the Navigation Pane.
Here is a response generated by Microsoft's AI which is at least plausible:
It sounds like you may have accidentally enabled the "Show/Hide" feature in Microsoft Word. This feature displays non-printing characters such as paragraph marks, tabs, and spaces. The arrow-shaped widgets you are seeing are likely to be the section breaks. To turn off the "Show/Hide" feature, you can click on the "¶" button in the "Paragraph" section of the "Home" tab. If this does not resolve the issue, please let me know and I can provide further assistance.
I think the arrow-shaped symbols would be where you pressed the tab key in the document to advance to the next tab stop myself. (Artificial Intelligence or Artificial Stupid? I marked the part about section breaks in green and think it questionable.)
See: