A family of Microsoft relational database management systems designed for ease of use.
Yes, with a number of caveats.
PowerApps excels in the mobile space, i.e. on smart devices such as tablets and phones. If you need to collect requests from teams in the field, for example, where they are not able to connect to your network, PowerApps can do that. If you want to use PowerAutomate, or Flows, to handle those requests, you can implement that function.
I'm not sure what "Azure Data Studio" means here. It is a development tool for interfaces that can connect to cloud data sources, so you wouldn't store anything in it. You'd use it to develop interfaces to the real cloud data source. Dataverse is available, but IMO, SQL Azure is a much stronger option.
Your ability to manage the data using queries, etc. is going to be inferior to what you can do with Access, but it is possible to do a great deal nonetheless.
So, the short answer is yes, you can do these things, as long as you are willing to adapt and adopt the appropriate approaches and methods.
You might get some ideas here. The recent videos on building the Lander Trail Foundations Online Searchable Database might be especially useful.