As it says in the error message: Check the SQL server error log for potential causes.
More precisely, what happens is that when Setup wants to run configuration steps, SQL Server does not start. There can be multiple reasons for this.
You find the errorlog in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL16.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\LOG\ERRORLOG. The exact path depends on which version and edition of SQL Server you attempted to install. This path applies to SQL 2022 Developer Edition.
If you see a message at the end of the log about 256 misaligned logical reads, you are running into a known issue. Microsoft has published an article with workarounds for that case.
By the way, I took the liberty to remove all tags but SQL Server from your post, since that is the only relevant one.