The only thing that worked for me was upgrading the Windows 2012 virtual machine from Gen2 (GPT - UEFI) to Gen1 (MBR - EFI) with the operating system disk in an IDE port. For this process,
I used AOMEI Partition Assistant to convert the disk from GPT to MBR, then deleted the UEFI partition. On a new Gen1 virtual machine, I performed a clean install using the same AOMEI. I copied the system partition (350MB) to the old disk (Mark as active partition), then booted with the Windows disk to repair the startup:
bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /scanos
bootrec /rebuildbcd
After that, I rebooted the virtual machine, performed a disk check, and it started working correctly again on the new Windows 2025 host.