Hello Kevin M. Wilson,
Just to clear up one thing first — Edge isn't actually a descendant of Chrome. They're both built on the same open-source Chromium engine, which is why they feel so similar, but they're separate products from different companies and each has its own sync system. Chrome syncs to your Google account, Edge syncs to your Microsoft account, and the two don't talk to each other in the cloud.
What happened on your Dell Chromebook makes sense once you look at it that way. Chrome sync was already tied to your Google account and turned on by default, so the moment you signed in, everything came back down from Google's servers. For Edge to do the same thing, sync would have needed to be on with your Microsoft account on the old Lenovo before it was stolen, and then you'd sign in with that same Microsoft account on the new device. Without that, there's nothing on Microsoft's side to pull from, which is why Edge came up empty.
So, it's less that Edge is behind Chrome and more that your data lived in two different accounts, and only the Google one was being synced. Once you're back on a Windows device on 5/20, signing in to Edge with your Microsoft account and turning sync on from the start will set you up so the same kind of restore works for you next time.
Let me know if you have any other questions.