Enabling net framework did not help. I also checked the partitions according to the instructions here, and they are probably ok. I found something like this in the logs, see below. Does this mean anything to anyone?
C:\Windows\Logs\CBS
[gle=0x80004005]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CSI 000002f8 Seems Playback delta generation failed for file: ServerDatacenter-VT-IA-1-ul-rtm.xrm-ms of the component: Microsoft-Windows-Security-SPP-Component-SKU-ServerDatacenter-License, version 10.0.20348.1194, arch amd64, nonSxS, pkt {l:8 b:31bf3856ad364e35}, Hence using reverse delta from package.
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI 000002f9@2023/11/26:22:12:16.027 (F) onecore\base\wcp\sil\ntsystem.cpp(2823): Error STATUS_DELETE_PENDING originated in function Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectFileSystemProvider::SysCreateFile expression: (null)
[gle=0x80004005]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI 000002fa (F) STATUS_DELETE_PENDING #14133602# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::DirectFileSystemProvider::SysCreateFile(flags = (AllowSharingViolation), handle = {provider=NULL, handle=0, name= ("null")}, da = (DELETE|SYNCHRONIZE|FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES|FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES), oa = @0xfa3f07c418->OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES {s:48; rd:NULL; on:[129]'\SystemRoot\WinSxS\Temp\InFlight\6d44289cb520da01bc900000d42b4c1d\0666389cb520da01b8910000d42b4c1d_serverdatacent..ore-rtm.xrm-ms'; a:(OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE)}, iosb = [gle=0xd0000056]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI @0xfa3f07c498, as = (null), fa = (FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL), sa = (FILE_SHARE_READ|FILE_SHARE_WRITE|FILE_SHARE_DELETE), cd = FILE_OPEN, co = (FILE_NON_DIRECTORY_FILE|FILE_SYNCHRONOUS_IO_NONALERT|0x00004000), eab = NULL, eal = 0, disp = Invalid)
[gle=0xd0000056]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI 000002fb (F) STATUS_DELETE_PENDING #14133598# from Windows::Rtl::SystemImplementation::CDirectory::Internal_DeleteRecursively(...)[gle=0xd0000056]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI 000002fc (F) 800f0982 [Error,Facility=(000f),Code=2434 (0x0982)] #14079398# from Windows::COM::CComponentStore::InternalTransact(...)[gle=0x800f0982]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CSI 000002fd (F) 800f0982 [Error,Facility=(000f),Code=2434 (0x0982)] #14079199# from Windows::ServicingAPI::CCSITransaction::ICSITransaction2_AddFiles(Flags = 49, a = @0x2f97bdbf4a0, fn = @0x2f97bdbfca0, fp = @0x2f97bdc04a0, disp = 0, op = 0)[gle=0x800f0982]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS Failed to add to transaction package: Package_4_for_KB5014864~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.4535.4 [HRESULT = 0x800f0982 - PSFX_E_MATCHING_COMPONENT_NOT_FOUND]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CBS Failed to stage execution package: Package_4_for_KB5014864~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~10.0.4535.4 [HRESULT = 0x800f0982 - PSFX_E_MATCHING_COMPONENT_NOT_FOUND]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS CommitPackagesState: Started persisting state of packages
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS CommitPackagesState: Completed persisting state of packages
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CSI 000002fe@2023/11/26:22:12:16.110 CSI Transaction @0x2f9789a7ba0 destroyed
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS Perf: Stage chain complete.
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS Failed to stage execution chain. [HRESULT = 0x800f0982 - PSFX_E_MATCHING_COMPONENT_NOT_FOUND]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Error CBS Failed to process single phase execution. [HRESULT = 0x800f0982 - PSFX_E_MATCHING_COMPONENT_NOT_FOUND]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS WER: Generating failure report for package: Package_for_RollupFix~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~20348.2113.1.22, status: 0x800f0982, failure source: Stage, start state: Resolved, target state: Installed, client id: UpdateAgentLCU
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS Not able to query DisableWerReporting flag. Assuming not set... [HRESULT = 0x80070002 - ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND]
2023-11-26 23:12:16, Info CBS Added C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log to WER report.