Alex,
We have had the same issue with blank icons for programs in the Start Menu on Windows Server 2022. In addition, we had blank desktop and taskbar icons. The icons in %ProgramData%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs and %AppData%\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs were also blank. We also did not find any events with ID 10010 in either System or Application logs of Event Viewer.
For the IconHandler registry key located at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\lnkfile\shellex with the string value of Name: (Default)
Type: REG_SZ
Data: {00021401-0000-0000-c000-000000000046}, we had the same value of {86073620-2903-4112-8B55-6FCFCD1A8A4B}. We exported the IconHandler registry key for a backup, and then changed the data to show {00021401-0000-0000-c000-000000000046} instead. After a server restart, the issue was mostly resolved except for the Control Panel and File Explorer icons showing on the Start Menu.
Sincerely,
David J. Root
IT Services Systems Administrator
North Greenville University