I asked an internal contact about this, and here is what he said..
"...
while in the Surface 3 dock, power is delivered over the USB port. But that is only time that works/supported. There is special circuitry in the dock to allow for this. Outside of the dock you must use the Micro-USB port
If he is having issues with charging I would recommend that he use the exact cable and power adapter that came with the Surface 3. While you can use other cables/adapters you can run into issues where it doesn’t charge or charges very slowly. The cable and adapter we supply with Surface 3 is a very high quality cable and adapter. I have seen issues with other cables
..."