I've just had this same problem with a new Garmin nuvi 2597 and Windows 7 32-bit.
I repeatedly got messages saying that the USB device was not recognized and that the installation of the USB drivers had failed, although once I did see an Installation Successful message, only for it to say failed again later.
Running the Garmin Express app couldn't find the device and sometimes after reconnecting the device a few times, it would appear in my devices list for a few seconds, but then disappear again.
I don't know if this is a repeatable solution, but I appear to have solved it by going into Control Panel>Hardware and Sound>AutoPlay>Change default settings for media or devices - then I was able to see the Garmin labelled as nuvi 2597 under Devices, I
changed the drop-down next to it to 'Open device to view files using Windows Explorer', then 'Save'.
Following this I ran the Garmin Express app again (check first if there is a new version in the settings tab) and it found it straight away, it is now updating the device. I hope this helps someone as this was wasting hours of my time.